Deck 5: Measuring and Manipulating Variables: Reliability and Validity

ملء الشاشة (f)
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سؤال
Which of the following is not an operational definition of "love"?

A) Love is a many-splendored thing.
B) Love is taking a woman home on the first date and kissing her twice on the nose.
C) Love is eating your spouse's cooking.
D) Love is not having to say you're sorry more than twice during any 24 hour period.
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سؤال
Which of the descriptions given below is an operational definition of liking?

A) genuine caring for another
B) positive feelings toward another
C) number of favors done for another
D) selfless dedication to another's well-being
سؤال
Which of the following is an operational definition?

A) hunger is 8 hours of food deprivation
B) attachment is the bond between an infant and its mother
C) learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior
D) anger is a negative emotional state
سؤال
Which of the following is NOT a construct?

A) sadness
B) anger
C) nervousness
D) crying
سؤال
Psychological research can produce objective, scientific data because

A) individual psychologists are objective
B) psychology is a social science
C) psychologists use operational definitions
D) psychologists are cautious individuals
سؤال
By definition, a valid measure is one that

A) is consistent
B) measures what it claims it is measuring
C) has high internal consistency
D) is extremely reliable
سؤال
Reliable measures are _______ ; valid measures are _______.

A) experimental, quasi-experimental
B) consistent, accurate
C) quasi-experimental, experimental
D) accurate, consistent
سؤال
Determining whether a measure is reliable involves determining the extent to which a measure is ______; determining whether a measure is valid involves determining the extent to which a measure is ______.

A) convergent, divergent
B) accurate, consistent
C) consistent, accurate
D) divergent, convergent
سؤال
The extent to which a test measures anything consistently is its

A) normality
B) objectivity
C) reliability
D) validity
سؤال
If a test is designed to measure "love" but measures liking instead, the test is

A) not reliable
B) not valid
C) not objective
D) not standardized
سؤال
Introducing random error into a study

A) reduces reliability
B) reduces validity
C) biases the results
D) both a and b
سؤال
If a measure involves having observers rate behavior, which of the following is the most severe threat to that measure's reliability?

A) observer bias
B) failure to calculate inter-observer reliability coefficients
C) failure to use double-blind techniques
D) random observer error
سؤال
A major advantage that objective measures (e.g., multiple-choice) items generally have over subjectively scored measures is

A) less vulnerability to observer biases
B) less vulnerability to subject biases
C) neither a nor b
D) both a and b
سؤال
Which of the following is not a technique for increasing reliability?

A) using unobtrusive observation
B) using instruments
C) standardizing procedures
D) having raters count rather than judge behavior
سؤال
A test-retest coefficient can range in value from

A) 0 to 100
B) 0 to 1.00
C) 1 to 99
D) -1.00 to +1.00
سؤال
Which measure is the most reliable? Note that all reliabilities refer to test-retest reliabilities where participants were retested 10 weeks later.

A) Measure A which has a .90 test-retest reliability
B) Measure B which has a .85 test-retest reliability
C) Measure C which has a .80 test-retest reliability
D) Cannot tell from the information given
سؤال
Which measure is the most valid? Note that all reliabilities refer to test-retest reliabilities where subjects were retested 10 weeks later.

A) Measure A which has a .90 test-retest reliability coefficient
B) Measure B which has a .85test-retest reliability coefficient
C) Measure C which has a .80 test-retest reliability coefficient
D) Cannot tell from the information given
سؤال
Which reliability coefficient would you expect to be the highest?

A) inter-observer reliability
B) median inter-item correlations
C) test-retest reliability
D) all of the above should be about the same
سؤال
Which reliability coefficient would you expect to be the lowest?

A) inter-observer reliability
B) split-half reliability
C) test-retest reliability
D) can't tell form the information given
سؤال
The extent to which a measure measures what it was designed to measure is the

A) internal consistency
B) reliability
C) standardization
D) validity
سؤال
If a measure is _______, then it is also _______.

A) reliable, valid
B) valid, reliable
C) internally consistent, valid
D) free of observer bias, valid
سؤال
The problem of observers seeing what they expect to see is called

A) observer bias
B) random observer error
C) subject bias
D) demand characteristics
سؤال
Which of the following is the most severe threat to a measure's validity?

A) observer bias
B) failure to calculate inter-observer reliability coefficients
C) failure to use instruments
D) random observer error
سؤال
Participants in a study may be influenced by hints given about what is expected of them. These hints are called

A) placebo effects
B) social desirability bias
C) demand characteristics
D) observer bias
سؤال
Which technique is more effective for reducing observer bias than for reducing random observer error?

A) using instruments
B) using multiple-choice tests
C) making raters blind
D) training raters
سؤال
The case of Clever Hans ("the mathematical horse") is an example of

A) random observer error
B) observer bias
C) subject bias
D) fraud
سؤال
When observing behavior, one way to avoid the effects of subject bias is to:

A) hide the observer
B) take careful notes
C) make friends with the observed
D) record only selected details
سؤال
All but one of the following techniques were mentioned as methods of reducing observer bias. Which is it?

A) using scientific instruments
B) simplifying the observers' task
C) making observers blind
D) using multiple observers
سؤال
There is some evidence to suggest that the pattern of cues evident in a research procedure may convey the researcher's hypothesis to participants, who may react by trying to confirm the hypothesis in the way that they respond to the conditions. The pattern of cues referred to here is known as

A) pretesting effects
B) demand characteristics
C) experimenter bias
D) participant clues
سؤال
Participant biases may be reduced by using ______ observation.

A) unstructured
B) structured
C) unobtrusive
D) obtrusive
سؤال
If participants lie or exaggerate to make themselves look good, the study has been affected by:

A) demand characteristics
B) observer bias
C) social desirability bias
D) random participant error
سؤال
When an investigator correlates scores from a new measurement instrument to an existing instrument of the same construct, the investigator is trying to determine the new measure's

A) reliability
B) convergent validity
C) internal consistency
D) discriminant validity
سؤال
A measure with internal consistency

A) accurately predicts future performance
B) correlates with other tests of the same construct
C) appears to measure what it claims to measure
D) appears to have a high level of split-half reliability
سؤال
If you establish that a measure of lust does not correlate highly with a measure of liking, you have taken a step toward establishing the measure's

A) content validity
B) criterion validity
C) discriminant validity
D) internal consistency
سؤال
If you establish that a measure of lust does not correlate highly with a measure of social desirability, you have taken a step toward establishing the measure's

A) content validity
B) criterion validity
C) discriminant validity
D) internal consistency
سؤال
When students judge a midterm exam, they are looking at the test's

A) convergent validity
B) discriminant validity
C) content validity
D) internal consistency
سؤال
The known groups technique is used to establish a measure's

A) convergent validity
B) discriminant validity
C) content validity
D) internal consistency
سؤال
A professor of a continuing education course called "Becoming rich" is correlating final exam scores with students' income five years after graduation. This professor is trying to establish that the final exam has

A) convergent validity
B) discriminant validity
C) content validity
D) internal consistency
سؤال
A professor of a continuing education course called "Becoming rich" is correlating final exam scores with students' SAT scores. This professor is trying to establish that the final exam has

A) convergent validity
B) discriminant validity
C) content validity
D) internal consistency
سؤال
The broadest type of validity, in that it includes all the others, is ______ validity.

A) convergent
B) construct
C) content
D) discriminant
سؤال
If we are concerned that our measure distinguishes friends from lovers, we are trying to establish:

A) internal consistency
B) reliability
C) discriminant validity
D) content validity
سؤال
Shortening a test would be most likely to

A) harm its internal consistency
B) harm its content validity
C) harm its discriminant validity
D) boost its reliability
سؤال
If participants' scores on a social intelligence test are consistent from one time of testing to the next, the test is ________. If participants' scores on a social intelligence test are accurate indicators of their social intelligence, the test is ______

A) reliable, valid
B) valid, reliable
C) reliable, reliable
D) valid, valid
سؤال
If participants' scores on a new social intelligence test are correlate with their scores on an established test of social intelligence, the new test has ________ validity. If participants' scores on the new social intelligence test do not correlate with their scores on an extroversion test, the test has ______ validity.

A) construct, internal
B) convergent, discriminant
C) discriminant, convergent
D) internal, construct
سؤال
Hypothetical characteristics of people, inferred from observations, are called

A) constructs
B) operational definitions
C) models
D) relationships
سؤال
Reliability has no effect on which of the following?

A) validity
B) bias
سؤال
Which of the following is a weakness of self-report measures?

A) They are vulnerable to observer bias.
B) They lack content validity.
C) They are unreliable.
D) They are influenced by subject biases.
سؤال
Using the blind technique would probably reduce all of the following EXCEPT

A) experimenter bias
B) subject bias
C) Hawthorne effect
D) random error
سؤال
Standardization would probably reduce

A) experimenter bias
B) random error
C) Hawthorne effect
D) both a and b
سؤال
Which of the following would be the most effective strategy for reducing the Hawthorne effect:

A) training observers to be unbiased
B) the use of placebos
C) standardization
D) the use of instruments
سؤال
Psychologists believe that manipulation checks

A) should be used even when it seems obvious that the manipulation is manipulating what it should be manipulating
B) increase the reliability of a manipulation
C) are a good substitute for placebo treatments
D) do not need to be used if the manipulation is consistent with theory
سؤال
____ manipulations are most easily standardized whereas ___ manipulations are hardest to standardize.

A) instructional; environmental
B) environmental; instructional
C) instructional; stooges
D) stooges; instructional
سؤال
_____ manipulations are most vulnerable to subject biases, whereas _____ manipulations are most vulnerable to experimenter biases.

A) instructional; environmental
B) environmental; instructional
C) instructional; stooges
D) stooges; instructional
سؤال
If experimenter bias is your biggest concern, you would use

A) an instructional manipulation
B) an environmental manipulation
C) a stooge manipulation
D) a manipulation check
سؤال
If subject bias is your biggest concern, you would use:

A) an instructional manipulation
B) an environmental manipulation
C) a stooge manipulation
D) a manipulation check
سؤال
Measures can be reliable and still have a large amount of random error.
سؤال
Interobserver reliability coefficients are a good way to assess how much random error is affecting scores assigned by observers.
سؤال
Random error and bias are the same thing.
سؤال
Random error is a more serious threat to validity than bias.
سؤال
A valid measure is also a reliable measure.
سؤال
An unreliable measure cannot be a valid measure.
سؤال
Due to the nature of psychological constructs, researchers do not need to be concerned with the effects of social desirability on the results of their studies.
سؤال
The use of unobtrusive measures is a could way to combat the effects of subject biases.
سؤال
The use of blind procedures is a good way of reducing experimenter bias.
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ملء الشاشة (f)
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Deck 5: Measuring and Manipulating Variables: Reliability and Validity
1
Which of the following is not an operational definition of "love"?

A) Love is a many-splendored thing.
B) Love is taking a woman home on the first date and kissing her twice on the nose.
C) Love is eating your spouse's cooking.
D) Love is not having to say you're sorry more than twice during any 24 hour period.
Love is a many-splendored thing.
2
Which of the descriptions given below is an operational definition of liking?

A) genuine caring for another
B) positive feelings toward another
C) number of favors done for another
D) selfless dedication to another's well-being
number of favors done for another
3
Which of the following is an operational definition?

A) hunger is 8 hours of food deprivation
B) attachment is the bond between an infant and its mother
C) learning is a relatively permanent change in behavior
D) anger is a negative emotional state
hunger is 8 hours of food deprivation
4
Which of the following is NOT a construct?

A) sadness
B) anger
C) nervousness
D) crying
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5
Psychological research can produce objective, scientific data because

A) individual psychologists are objective
B) psychology is a social science
C) psychologists use operational definitions
D) psychologists are cautious individuals
فتح الحزمة
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6
By definition, a valid measure is one that

A) is consistent
B) measures what it claims it is measuring
C) has high internal consistency
D) is extremely reliable
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7
Reliable measures are _______ ; valid measures are _______.

A) experimental, quasi-experimental
B) consistent, accurate
C) quasi-experimental, experimental
D) accurate, consistent
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8
Determining whether a measure is reliable involves determining the extent to which a measure is ______; determining whether a measure is valid involves determining the extent to which a measure is ______.

A) convergent, divergent
B) accurate, consistent
C) consistent, accurate
D) divergent, convergent
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9
The extent to which a test measures anything consistently is its

A) normality
B) objectivity
C) reliability
D) validity
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10
If a test is designed to measure "love" but measures liking instead, the test is

A) not reliable
B) not valid
C) not objective
D) not standardized
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11
Introducing random error into a study

A) reduces reliability
B) reduces validity
C) biases the results
D) both a and b
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12
If a measure involves having observers rate behavior, which of the following is the most severe threat to that measure's reliability?

A) observer bias
B) failure to calculate inter-observer reliability coefficients
C) failure to use double-blind techniques
D) random observer error
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13
A major advantage that objective measures (e.g., multiple-choice) items generally have over subjectively scored measures is

A) less vulnerability to observer biases
B) less vulnerability to subject biases
C) neither a nor b
D) both a and b
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14
Which of the following is not a technique for increasing reliability?

A) using unobtrusive observation
B) using instruments
C) standardizing procedures
D) having raters count rather than judge behavior
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15
A test-retest coefficient can range in value from

A) 0 to 100
B) 0 to 1.00
C) 1 to 99
D) -1.00 to +1.00
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16
Which measure is the most reliable? Note that all reliabilities refer to test-retest reliabilities where participants were retested 10 weeks later.

A) Measure A which has a .90 test-retest reliability
B) Measure B which has a .85 test-retest reliability
C) Measure C which has a .80 test-retest reliability
D) Cannot tell from the information given
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17
Which measure is the most valid? Note that all reliabilities refer to test-retest reliabilities where subjects were retested 10 weeks later.

A) Measure A which has a .90 test-retest reliability coefficient
B) Measure B which has a .85test-retest reliability coefficient
C) Measure C which has a .80 test-retest reliability coefficient
D) Cannot tell from the information given
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18
Which reliability coefficient would you expect to be the highest?

A) inter-observer reliability
B) median inter-item correlations
C) test-retest reliability
D) all of the above should be about the same
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19
Which reliability coefficient would you expect to be the lowest?

A) inter-observer reliability
B) split-half reliability
C) test-retest reliability
D) can't tell form the information given
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20
The extent to which a measure measures what it was designed to measure is the

A) internal consistency
B) reliability
C) standardization
D) validity
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21
If a measure is _______, then it is also _______.

A) reliable, valid
B) valid, reliable
C) internally consistent, valid
D) free of observer bias, valid
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22
The problem of observers seeing what they expect to see is called

A) observer bias
B) random observer error
C) subject bias
D) demand characteristics
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23
Which of the following is the most severe threat to a measure's validity?

A) observer bias
B) failure to calculate inter-observer reliability coefficients
C) failure to use instruments
D) random observer error
فتح الحزمة
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24
Participants in a study may be influenced by hints given about what is expected of them. These hints are called

A) placebo effects
B) social desirability bias
C) demand characteristics
D) observer bias
فتح الحزمة
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25
Which technique is more effective for reducing observer bias than for reducing random observer error?

A) using instruments
B) using multiple-choice tests
C) making raters blind
D) training raters
فتح الحزمة
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26
The case of Clever Hans ("the mathematical horse") is an example of

A) random observer error
B) observer bias
C) subject bias
D) fraud
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k this deck
27
When observing behavior, one way to avoid the effects of subject bias is to:

A) hide the observer
B) take careful notes
C) make friends with the observed
D) record only selected details
فتح الحزمة
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28
All but one of the following techniques were mentioned as methods of reducing observer bias. Which is it?

A) using scientific instruments
B) simplifying the observers' task
C) making observers blind
D) using multiple observers
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29
There is some evidence to suggest that the pattern of cues evident in a research procedure may convey the researcher's hypothesis to participants, who may react by trying to confirm the hypothesis in the way that they respond to the conditions. The pattern of cues referred to here is known as

A) pretesting effects
B) demand characteristics
C) experimenter bias
D) participant clues
فتح الحزمة
افتح القفل للوصول البطاقات البالغ عددها 64 في هذه المجموعة.
فتح الحزمة
k this deck
30
Participant biases may be reduced by using ______ observation.

A) unstructured
B) structured
C) unobtrusive
D) obtrusive
فتح الحزمة
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31
If participants lie or exaggerate to make themselves look good, the study has been affected by:

A) demand characteristics
B) observer bias
C) social desirability bias
D) random participant error
فتح الحزمة
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32
When an investigator correlates scores from a new measurement instrument to an existing instrument of the same construct, the investigator is trying to determine the new measure's

A) reliability
B) convergent validity
C) internal consistency
D) discriminant validity
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33
A measure with internal consistency

A) accurately predicts future performance
B) correlates with other tests of the same construct
C) appears to measure what it claims to measure
D) appears to have a high level of split-half reliability
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34
If you establish that a measure of lust does not correlate highly with a measure of liking, you have taken a step toward establishing the measure's

A) content validity
B) criterion validity
C) discriminant validity
D) internal consistency
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35
If you establish that a measure of lust does not correlate highly with a measure of social desirability, you have taken a step toward establishing the measure's

A) content validity
B) criterion validity
C) discriminant validity
D) internal consistency
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36
When students judge a midterm exam, they are looking at the test's

A) convergent validity
B) discriminant validity
C) content validity
D) internal consistency
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37
The known groups technique is used to establish a measure's

A) convergent validity
B) discriminant validity
C) content validity
D) internal consistency
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38
A professor of a continuing education course called "Becoming rich" is correlating final exam scores with students' income five years after graduation. This professor is trying to establish that the final exam has

A) convergent validity
B) discriminant validity
C) content validity
D) internal consistency
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39
A professor of a continuing education course called "Becoming rich" is correlating final exam scores with students' SAT scores. This professor is trying to establish that the final exam has

A) convergent validity
B) discriminant validity
C) content validity
D) internal consistency
فتح الحزمة
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40
The broadest type of validity, in that it includes all the others, is ______ validity.

A) convergent
B) construct
C) content
D) discriminant
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41
If we are concerned that our measure distinguishes friends from lovers, we are trying to establish:

A) internal consistency
B) reliability
C) discriminant validity
D) content validity
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42
Shortening a test would be most likely to

A) harm its internal consistency
B) harm its content validity
C) harm its discriminant validity
D) boost its reliability
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43
If participants' scores on a social intelligence test are consistent from one time of testing to the next, the test is ________. If participants' scores on a social intelligence test are accurate indicators of their social intelligence, the test is ______

A) reliable, valid
B) valid, reliable
C) reliable, reliable
D) valid, valid
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44
If participants' scores on a new social intelligence test are correlate with their scores on an established test of social intelligence, the new test has ________ validity. If participants' scores on the new social intelligence test do not correlate with their scores on an extroversion test, the test has ______ validity.

A) construct, internal
B) convergent, discriminant
C) discriminant, convergent
D) internal, construct
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45
Hypothetical characteristics of people, inferred from observations, are called

A) constructs
B) operational definitions
C) models
D) relationships
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46
Reliability has no effect on which of the following?

A) validity
B) bias
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47
Which of the following is a weakness of self-report measures?

A) They are vulnerable to observer bias.
B) They lack content validity.
C) They are unreliable.
D) They are influenced by subject biases.
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48
Using the blind technique would probably reduce all of the following EXCEPT

A) experimenter bias
B) subject bias
C) Hawthorne effect
D) random error
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49
Standardization would probably reduce

A) experimenter bias
B) random error
C) Hawthorne effect
D) both a and b
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50
Which of the following would be the most effective strategy for reducing the Hawthorne effect:

A) training observers to be unbiased
B) the use of placebos
C) standardization
D) the use of instruments
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51
Psychologists believe that manipulation checks

A) should be used even when it seems obvious that the manipulation is manipulating what it should be manipulating
B) increase the reliability of a manipulation
C) are a good substitute for placebo treatments
D) do not need to be used if the manipulation is consistent with theory
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52
____ manipulations are most easily standardized whereas ___ manipulations are hardest to standardize.

A) instructional; environmental
B) environmental; instructional
C) instructional; stooges
D) stooges; instructional
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53
_____ manipulations are most vulnerable to subject biases, whereas _____ manipulations are most vulnerable to experimenter biases.

A) instructional; environmental
B) environmental; instructional
C) instructional; stooges
D) stooges; instructional
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54
If experimenter bias is your biggest concern, you would use

A) an instructional manipulation
B) an environmental manipulation
C) a stooge manipulation
D) a manipulation check
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55
If subject bias is your biggest concern, you would use:

A) an instructional manipulation
B) an environmental manipulation
C) a stooge manipulation
D) a manipulation check
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56
Measures can be reliable and still have a large amount of random error.
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57
Interobserver reliability coefficients are a good way to assess how much random error is affecting scores assigned by observers.
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58
Random error and bias are the same thing.
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59
Random error is a more serious threat to validity than bias.
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60
A valid measure is also a reliable measure.
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61
An unreliable measure cannot be a valid measure.
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62
Due to the nature of psychological constructs, researchers do not need to be concerned with the effects of social desirability on the results of their studies.
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63
The use of unobtrusive measures is a could way to combat the effects of subject biases.
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64
The use of blind procedures is a good way of reducing experimenter bias.
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