Deck 5: Explaining Health Behaviour

Question 1

Which of the following is not a distal influence on health?

A) Gender
B) Attitude
C) Socio-economic status
D) Personality

Answer 1

Attitude

Question 2

Which of the following is not in Eysenck's (1970, 1991) three-factor model of personality?

A) Conscientiousness
B) Neuroticism
C) Extroversion
D) Psychoticism

Answer 2

Conscientiousness

Question 3

In the context of health, unrealistic optimism is a form of

A) Biased risk perception
B) Post hoc reassurance following risky behaviour
C) A positive attitude to risk
D) Unbiased attitude to risk perception

Answer 3

Biased risk perception

Question 4

Attitudes consist of three related parts. What are they?

A) Cognition, emotion, and behaviour
B) Emotion, behaviour, and influence
C) Influence, emotion, and perception
D) Cognition, influence, and emotion

Question 5

''Exercise will make me fitter'' is an example of:

A) Unrealistic optimism
B) A goal
C) An outcome expectancy
D) Self-regulation

Question 6

Which of the following is not associated with unrealistic optimism?

A) Lack of personal experience with an issue
B) The belief the problem is rare
C) The belief the problem will not develop
D) Belief the problem is common

Question 7

In Self-determination theory, what is an example of an extrinsic motivator?

A) Relatedness to others
B) Increased competence
C) Need for others' approval
D) Autonomy

Question 8

Which of the following is not a criticism of the health belief model?

A) It overestimates the role of threat
B) It underestimates the role of social influence
C) It does not consider how the various elements interact to predict behaviour
D) It overlooks the role of disease severity

Question 9

Norman and Brain (2005) identified which barriers to be predictive of breast self-examination (BSE)?

A) Low emotional barriers
B) Low self-efficacy barriers
C) Salience of BSE
D) The first and second answers above only

Question 10

Which addition to the theory of reasoned action (included in the theory of planned behaviour) independently predicts health behaviour?

A) Attitude
B) Subjective norm
C) Perceived behavioural control
D) Behaviour intention

Question 11

Which of the following is not a component of the theory of planned behaviour?

A) Preparation
B) Subjective norm
C) Attitude
D) Behavioural intention

Question 12

How can we best assess the utility of the theory of reasoned action and the theory of planned behaviour in predicting behaviour?

A) By employing cross-sectional studies
B) By employing longitudinal, prospective studies
C) By employing longitudinal, retrospective studies
D) By employing qualitative research methods

Question 13

How do goal and implementation intentions differ?

A) They do not. They are the same thing but named by different researchers
B) Implementation intentions involve planning, goals involve desired outcomes (motivation)
C) Only goals are based on individual attitudes and social norms
D) Only implementation intentions include an attitudinal dimension

Question 14

Which of the following is not a stage of change identified in the transtheoretical model?

A) Disengagement
B) Maintenance
C) Contemplation
D) Action

Question 15

What is crucial during the action stage of the transtheoretical model?

A) The availability of social support
B) Optimism
C) Realistic goal setting
D) Information seeking

Question 16

How many stages are there in the precaution adoption process model?

A) 4
B) 5
C) 6
D) 7

Question 17

Schwarzer's (1992) health action process approach model (HAPA) attempts to fill the 'intention-behaviour gap' by

A) Highlighting the role of self-efficacy
B) Highlighting the role of action plans
C) Highlighting the role of both self-efficacy and action plans
D) Highlighting the role of unintention

Question 18

The volition phase of HAPA incorporates which Gollwitzer and Oettingen (2000) concept?

A) Implementation intentions
B) Goal intentions
C) Preparation stage
D) Contemplation stage

Question 19

A 'static' model is different from a 'stage' model how?

A) Static models suggest that behaviour is structured, and stage models suggest that behaviour never changes
B) Static models suggest discrete ordered stages of behaviour change, whereas stage models suggest belief occur simultaneously
C) There is no difference
D) Static models suggest beliefs occur simultaneously, whereas stage models suggest discrete ordered stages of behaviour change

Question 20

Which of the following is not a key predictor of behaviour in the health action process approach?

A) Perceptions of risk
B) Self-efficacy
C) Outcome expectancies
D) They are all important predictors of behaviour