Deck 1: What Is Evidence-Based Practice

Question 1

Which of the following shows the correct levels of evidence from the least strong research to the strongest?

A) Systematic review of randomized controlled trials, individual randomized controlled trial, all-or-none, systematic review of cohort studies, individual cohort study, outcome research, systematic review of case-control studies, single-case control study, case series, expert opinion and bench research
B) Systematic review of randomized controlled trials, individual randomized controlled trial, systematic review of cohort studies, individual cohort study, all-or-none, outcome research, systematic review of case-control studies, single-case control study, case series, expert opinion and bench research
C) Expert opinion and bench research, case series, single-case control study, systematic review of case-control studies, outcomes research, individual cohort study, systematic review of cohort studies, all-or-none, individual randomized controlled trial, systematic review of randomized controlled trials
D) Systematic review of randomized controlled trials, individual randomized controlled trial, all-or-none, outcomes research, systematic review of cohort studies, individual cohort study, outcome research, systematic review of case-control studies, single-case control study, case series, expert opinion and bench research

Answer 1

Expert opinion and bench research, case series, single-case control study, systematic review of case-control studies, outcomes research, individual cohort study, systematic review of cohort studies, all-or-none, individual randomized controlled trial, systematic review of randomized controlled trials

Question 2

Which is NOT true about cohort studies?

A) Cohort studies are research designs that do not manipulate a treatment.
B) Cohorts are recruited into the study based on whether individuals have been exposed to a disease risk factor.
C) Cohort studies can establish a true cause and effect.
D) Cohort studies can be retrospective and prospective.

Answer 2

Cohort studies can establish a true cause and effect.

Question 3

A systematic review is defined as:

A) a systematic compilation of proposed randomized controlled studies to prioritize which study will provide the highest level of evidence.
B) a systematic compilation of randomized controlled studies to identify a common outcome.
C) a systematic compilation of existing research studies with the goal of producing the results into one research finding.
D) a systematic compilation of existing research studies with the goal of producing one outcome.

Answer 3

a systematic compilation of existing research studies with the goal of producing the results into one research finding.

Question 4

What is the main shortcoming of a critically appraised topic (CAT) when it comes to levels of evidence?

A) The critically appraised topic professionally summarizes only one research study.
B) The critically appraised topic focuses on a single clinical question.
C) The critically appraised topic is short and geared toward practitioners.
D) The critically appraised topic is usually not thoroughly reviewed.

Question 5

Which is NOT a criterion that the strength of recommendation taxonomy emphasizes for groups of studies?

A) Validity
B) Quantity
C) Applicability
D) Reliability

Question 6

How is evidence-based practice different from evidence-based medicine?

A) Evidence-based practice focuses on data, rather than anecdote, intuition, or belief.
B) Evidence-based practice focuses on applying data to practice.
C) Evidence-based practice focuses on patient-oriented measures.
D) Evidence-based practice focuses on systematic reviews for evidence.

Question 7

Which is NOT a reason why a systematic review is the highest sublevel in levels 1, 2, and 3 in the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine's evidence pyramid?

A) Systematic reviews are considered unfiltered information.
B) Systematic reviews use existing research studies and compile them into a single research finding.
C) Systematic reviews often systematically compile and synthesize primary studies.
D) Systematic reviews are considered secondary studies.

Question 8

What is the order from strongest category to least strong category in the levels of the evidence-based pyramid?

A) Case series, single-case control study, individual cohort study
B) Individual randomized controlled trials, individual cohort study, single-case control study
C) All-or-none, individual randomized controlled trial, systematic review of randomized controlled trials
D) Outcomes research, individual cohort study, all-or-none

Question 9

What is the downfall feature of the evidence pyramids?

A) As you move up the pyramid, the evidence becomes stronger.
B) The synthesis of the original research should be done by expert researchers.
C) Fewer primary studies exist.
D) Fewer secondary studies exist.

Question 10

What are examples of evidence-based practice? Select all that apply.

A) Determining what is the best way to measure a client's body composition
B) Determining the most reliable running program for a college-aged male with high blood pressure
C) Determining the best way to identify a person with pre-diabetes
D) Determining the preferred strength exercise of a teenager training for a weight-lifting competition

Question 11

Which of the following are true about critically appraised topics (CATs)? Select all that apply.

A) Critically appraised topics provide a summary of three to five current research studies looking at the current research on a particular clinical question, as well as how to apply this research.
B) Critically appraised topics are rigorously reviewed and support higher level research such as critically appraised papers.
C) Critically appraised topics are usually shorter than a systematic review.
D) A critically appraised topic can be more useful to the practitioner than critically appraised papers because there is a statement of how to implement the research into practice.

Question 12

What are the reasons cohort studies cannot establish a true cause-and-effect relationship between the study variables? Select all that apply.

A) Cohort studies can suffer from participants having recall bias.
B) Cohort studies do not have randomized control and treatment groups.
C) Cohort studies cannot control for extraneous factors, which can potentially affect the study outcomes.
D) Cohort studies are not as rigorous as experimental studies.

Question 13

What are the reasons why randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are not commonly found in exercise science and health literature? Select all that apply.

A) RCTs have large-scale research designs.
B) RCTs require a small number of participants in order to ensure the study is done accurately.
C) RCTs must control for outside influences on outcomes.
D) RCTs can be very expensive to administer.

Question 14

What are examples of measures assessed in outcomes research? Select all that apply.

A) Client's judgement about own social support network
B) Client's environmental barriers to activity
C) Client's diagnosis of high blood pressure
D) Client's own diagnosis of high blood pressure's impact on function

Question 15

What are the pros of using expert opinion evidence for your practice? Select all that apply.

A) Expert opinions are usually good summaries of current best practices.
B) Expert opinions are perceived as very useful to practitioners.
C) Expert opinions are created based on complete and high-quality evidence.
D) Expert opinions are often easy to translate into practice.

Question 16

What is the difference between all-or-none studies and case-series studies? Select all that apply.

A) All-or-none studies' participants must all respond to the treatment.
B) All-or-none studies involve a series of individual study participants.
C) All-or-none studies are quite rigorous.
D) All-or-none studies require a large number of individual subjects to be conclusive.

Question 17

What are the reasons that randomized controlled studies are higher than cohort studies in the evidence-based pyramid? Select all that apply.

A) Randomized controlled studies are unfiltered information.
B) Randomized controlled studies involve two groups.
C) Randomized controlled studies use a control group.
D) Randomized controlled studies have a treatment as part of the design.

Question 18

What are the reasons secondary studies are considered to provide stronger evidence when compared with primary studies? Select all that apply.

A) Secondary studies are where researchers recruit and collect the data on the subjects.
B) Secondary studies synthesize existing original research.
C) Secondary studies are considered filtered information.
D) Secondary studies can be systematic reviews.

Question 19

Based on the levels of the evidence pyramid, conducting a systematic review of case-control studies is better than doing a systematic review of cohort studies.

Question 20

Levels of evidence are used as a quick reference to determine the strength of the research.

Question 21

When trying to decide which is the best flexibility program for a pregnant client, choose the program based on the evidence from an individual cohort study over that from outcomes research.

Question 22

Outcomes research refers to those studies that focus on measures of disease in patients.

Question 23

Primary studies is an example of filtered information.

Question 24

Cohort studies start with the disease and then look for exposures.

Question 25

Systematic reviews of randomized controlled trials are considered higher level evidence because researchers have control over recruitment of subjects and collection of their data.

Question 26

A critically appraised paper is a professional summary of a single research paper.

Question 27

An example of filtered information is systematic reviews.

Question 28

A unique feature of the strength of taxonomy is that it focuses on disease-oriented evidence.

Question 29

Based on the strength of recommendation, a letter grade is assigned to groups of existing studies that address an important clinical problem by using patient-oriented measures.

Question 30

Animal studies provide conclusive data because these models usually have a physiological corollary to humans and can be used for the foundation to build future research.

Question 31

Ecological research, like other forms of epidemiological research, focuses on individuals and disease rates.

Question 32

Bench research is considered pilot studies for finding promising interventions for human studies.

Question 33

Original research can only be synthesized by researchers.

Question 34

Rank the levels of evidence from the bottom of the pyramid (10) to the top (1).
__________ case-series
__________ all-or-none
__________ outcomes research
__________ systematic review of randomized controlled trials
__________ systematic review of single case-control study
__________ systematic review of cohort studies
__________ individual randomized controlled studies
__________ individual cohort study
__________ single case-control study
__________ expert opinion and bench research

Question 35

A research category that involves individuals receiving the same treatment is called ____________.

Question 36

Physiological evidence and bench research are both a type of ___________.

Question 37

Measures that focus on the qualities or aspects of the disease, are collected by a clinician, and help with the understanding of the current state of the disease are called ________________.

Question 38

The application of research to a profession is based on the concept of __________________.

Question 39

A cohort study that investigates individuals after they have been exposed to a suspected disease cause is called ____________.

Question 40

A letter grade assigned to groups of existing studies that address an important clinical problem by using patient-oriented measures is called _______________________________.