Deck 11: Inductive Reasoning

Question 1

A statistical argument argues from premises regarding a percentage of a population to a conclusion about an individual member of that population or some part of that population.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

A relationship in which two things are frequently found together is called _____.

A) a conjunction
B) a correlation
C) causation
D) None of the answers are correct

Answer 2

a correlation

Question 3

Arguments from analogy claim that certain similarities are evidence that there is another similarity, or other similarities.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Which of the following is NOT an indicator word or phrase for an inductive argument?

A) likely
B) probably
C) chances are that
D) certainly

Question 5

A weak inductive argument proves that its conclusion is false.

Question 6

It's generally easier to show that something couldn't be the cause of a certain effect than it is to prove that it is.

Question 7

The gambler's fallacy is committed when people believe that all lotteries are rigged.

Question 8

Which of the following is not a common type of inductive argument?

A) argument from analogy
B) mathematical argument
C) causal argument
D) statistical argument

Question 9

_____ is the value a bet has in connection with an individual's own needs, preferences, and resources.

A) Net present value
B) Expected value
C) Relative value
D) Absolute value

Question 10

A(n) _____ argument argues from premises regarding a percentage of a population to a conclusion about an individual member of that population or some part of that population.

A) extrapolative
B) sampling
C) inductive generalization
D) statistical

Question 11

Inductive generalizations are based on evidence about _____.

A) None of the answers are correct
B) imagination
C) a population as a whole
D) a sample population

Question 12

Which of the following is an important indicator word for an inductive argument?

A) definitely
B) likely
C) conclusively
D) certainly

Question 13

A(n) _____ is a statement made about all or most members of a group.

A) generalization
B) universalization
C) stereotype
D) categorical proposition

Question 14

Which of the following is NOT a question we must ask in evaluating an inductive generalization?

A) Do the premises guarantee the truth of the conclusion?
B) Are the premises true?
C) Is the sample representative?
D) Is the sample large enough?

Question 15

The following argument is an inductive generalization: Most Wexford College juniors participate in the year-abroad program. Tess is a Wexford College junior. So, Tess probably participates in the Wexford College year-abroad program.

Question 16

One or more false premises makes an inductive argument uncogent, even if its argumentation, its support for the conclusion, is strong.

Question 17

The group to which statistics apply is the _____.

A) population class
B) control class
C) reference class
D) sampling class

Question 18

Sometimes correlation is the result of mere coincidence.

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of epistemic probability?

A) "She has a 58 percent chance of picking the winning numbers in state lotteries."
B) "There is a good chance that I'll see my friends this weekend."
C) "There are chances that a random student will get all As in his or her first semester."
D) None of the answers are correct.

Question 20

A cogent argument has all true premises and supplies strong support for its conclusion.

Question 21

A _____ argument has premises that provide evidence that its conclusion is more likely true than false and it is an argument that a reasonable person would act or bet on.

A) strong and reliable
B) cogent
C) strong
D) transcendental argument

Question 22

Betting on a horse at the racetrack exemplifies the concept of a priori probability.

Question 23

Which of the following is an example of epistemic probability?

A) None of the answers are correct
B) the chances of it snowing in Moscow in January
C) the chances of picking the winning numbers in a state lottery
D) the chances of drawing an ace in the next hand in a card game

Question 24

Which of the following is not important in considering the strength of an argument from an analogy?

A) the diversity of the sample
B) the specificity of the conclusion relative to the premises
C) the number of relevant dissimilarities
D) the motives of the arguer

Question 25

A(n) _____ is an argument that relies on characteristics of a sample population to make a claim about the population as a whole.

A) statistical argument
B) extrapolative argument
C) inductive generalization
D) part-to-whole argument

Question 26

_____ indicates a causal connection between one thing and the other when the two things are found together more than 50 percent of the time.

A) Joint congruency
B) Epistemic probability
C) A parallel connection
D) A positive correlation

Question 27

An inductive argument claims no necessary connections between the truth of its premises and the truth of its conclusion.

Question 28

All inductive arguments move from general premises to a more specific conclusion.

Question 29

Which of the following values cannot be controlled by an individual?

A) diminishing marginal value
B) relative value
C) a priori value
D) All of the answers are correct

Question 30

Most statistical arguments are deductive, but some are inductive.

Question 31

Renee, a journalist in a print media company, conducts a research study to prepare a report on same-sex marriages. She wants to find out the general view that youngsters in her city have on the issue. To gather data, she interviews approximately 250 students from the top 10 colleges in her city. In this scenario, the students who are interviewed best illustrate _____.

A) a representative sample
B) an out-group
C) a nonprobability sample
D) a control group

Question 32

An inductive argument is strong when its premises provide evidence that its conclusion is more likely true than false.

Question 33

An inductive argument in which the premises are strong is called a valid argument.

Question 34

Which of the following is an example of a priori probability?

A) All of the answers are correct
B) the chances of the number 28 coming in on a roulette wheel
C) the chances of surviving for more than ten years after a heart transplant
D) the chances of the Miami Heat winning the NBA championship in 2018

Question 35

According to _____, as quantity increases, relative value tends to decrease.

A) the pizza effect
B) Cohen's law
C) the diminishing marginal value phenomenon
D) the paradox of value

Question 36

"There is a 1 in 13 chance of drawing an ace from a deck of 52 cards" is an example of relative frequency probability.

Question 37

_____ states that the proximity of theoretically predicted and actual percentages tends to increase as a sample grows.

A) The Farrer-Goulder hypothesis
B) The continuum hypothesis
C) The law of large numbers
D) The law of averages

Question 38

A poll in which the person taking the poll and the person responding have no information about each other is called a(n) _____ poll.

A) balanced
B) insufficient
C) imbalanced
D) double-blind