Deck 6: Using Personality Traits to Understand Behavior

Question 1

Julie is a serious and conscientious employee; however,with her friends at happy hour on Friday afternoon she is the life of the party.According to Snyder's theory,Julie would most likely be ________.

A) a high self-monitor
B) a low self-monitor
C) high in private self-consciousness
D) low in public self-consciousness

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Research on ________ addresses important questions concerning the way that inner reality and the private self relate to external reality and the self as presented to others.

A) authoritarianism
B) introversion and extraversion
C) self-monitoring
D) conscientiousness

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which of the following is NOT a currently discussed explanation for narcissistic behavior?

A) Narcissists are struggling to maintain an unrealistic self-concept.
B) Narcissists have trouble controlling impulses.
C) Narcissists are motivated by power and prestige and use certain strategies to attain these goals.
D) Narcissists are actually shy and timid but believe that these traits reflect personal weaknesses.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Given Snyder's description of self-monitoring,you would expect someone who is low in self-monitoring to be ________ than someone high in self-monitoring.

A) harder to judge
B) easier to judge
C) less depressed
D) less conscientious

Question 5

A researcher who tries to discover the most important or basic personality traits that exist is taking a ________ approach.

A) single-trait
B) many-trait
C) essential-trait
D) typological

Question 6

Which of the following behaviors is an example discussed in the textbook of the many-trait approach?

A) word use
B) drug use
C) bullying
D) technology use

Question 7

The items in the California Q-Set were derived from ________.

A) a quantitative factor analysis
B) a biologically based model of personality
C) Allport and Odbert's original list of trait terms from everyday language
D) efforts by researchers to develop an adequate list of items

Question 8

Which trait is associated with positive first impressions but more negative impressions in longer-term relationships?

A) conscientiousness
B) self-monitoring
C) narcissism
D) authoritarianism

Question 9

According to recent research about personality and energy drink preferences,those high in self-monitoring would likely prefer which brand of energy drink in a consumer taste test study?

A) Superstar Energy
B) Acme Energy Drink
C) Energy Enhancer
D) Energy for You

Question 10

Which dimension of personality assessed by the Narcissistic Personality Inventory appears to be the one most responsible for obnoxious and arrogant behavior?

A) leadership/authority
B) self-sufficiency
C) entitlement/exploitativeness
D) self-esteem

Question 11

The most important advantage of Q-sorting is that it ________.

A) allows the judge to rate the target person consistently high or low on every trait
B) does not require the judge to make subtle discriminations between trait ratings
C) can only be used by trained clinicians, thus preventing problems with untrained judges
D) forces the judge to compare all the items directly against each other

Question 12

A researcher interested in identifying common patterns of trait variation that characterize whole persons is using a ________ approach.

A) single-trait
B) Typological
C) configural
D) many-trait

Question 13

A researcher seeks to understand the reasons that a person uses drugs.Which approach is the researcher most likely to adopt?

A) single-trait
B) many-trait
C) essential-trait
D) typological

Question 14

When compared to high self-monitors,people who score low in self-monitoring tend to ________.

A) perform better in job interviews
B) use strategies to influence coworkers
C) be willing to lie to get a date
D) masturbate less often

Question 15

People who adjust their behavior to best fit the situation are called ________,and people whose behavior is guided by their personality are called ________.

A) ego resilient; ego controlled
B) ego controlled; ego resilient
C) high self-monitors; low self-monitors
D) low self-monitors; high self-monitors

Question 16

Which trait is associated with obsessive effort into hairstyles and clothing?

A) conscientiousness
B) self-monitoring
C) narcissism
D) authoritarianism

Question 17

The ________ is a personality assessment device consisting of a deck of 100 cards,each of which describes an aspect of personality.These cards are sorted into categories by the respondent.

A) California F scale
B) self-monitoring scale
C) California Q-Set
D) NEO Personality Inventory

Question 18

A researcher who starts with an interest in delinquency and then identifies the traits associated with that category of behavior is taking a ________ approach.

A) single-trait
B) many-trait
C) essential-trait
D) typological

Question 19

A researcher taking the many-trait approach to understanding personality would likely use which of the following measurement instruments?

A) California F scale
B) California Q-Set
C) the NEO-PI neuroticism scale
D) self-monitoring scale

Question 20

Low self-monitors are more likely than high self-monitors to be described as ________.

A) talkative
B) self-dramatizing
C) having social poise and presence
D) independent

Question 21

Sally is seriously depressed at age 18.Research using the Q-sort suggests that as a child,she probably would have been described as ________.

A) aggressive
B) overcontrolled
C) undercontrolled
D) egocentric

Question 22

What is another name for ego control?

A) psychological adjustment
B) self-monitoring
C) emotional stability
D) self-control

Question 23

The most important thing to notice about a table of Q-sort correlates is the________.

A) general patterns that emerge
B) exact value of the correlations
C) wording of specific items
D) smallest correlation

Question 24

A researcher using factor analysis to identify basic traits is likely to favor the ________ approach.

A) single-trait
B) many-trait
C) essential-trait
D) typological

Question 25

Fast and Funder (2008)found that using words like "guarantee" was correlated .21 with "has a high aspiration for self." Which of the following is a correct interpretation of this finding?

A) Participants who used the word "guarantee" were very likely to also have high aspirations.
B) Participants who used the word "guarantee" were very unlikely to also have high aspirations.
C) Participants who used the word "guarantee" were slightly more likely to also have high aspirations.
D) Participants who used the word "guarantee" were slightly less likely to also have high aspirations.

Question 26

Which of the following terms describes the result of Raymond Cattell's factor analysis,which revealed 16 factors?

A) underextraction
B) overextraction
C) superfactors
D) facets

Question 27

Positive emotionality in Tellegen's three-factor model is closest to which trait in Eysenck's model?

A) extraversion
B) openness to experience
C) psychoticism
D) neuroticism

Question 28

Which essential trait theorist developed a model with the strongest ties to psychoanalytic ideas?

A) Jack Block
B) Hans Eysenck
C) Auke Tellegen
D) Raymond Cattell

Question 29

What are the Big Three traits according to Auke Tellegen?

A) neuroticism/extraversion/openness to experience
B) neuroticism/extraversion/psychoticism
C) ego control/ego resiliency/ego adjustment
D) positive emotionality/negative emotionality/constraint

Question 30

Research has shown that when people use words such as ________ to describe their life story,they are described by acquaintances as more intelligent.

A) absolutely
B) smart
C) positivity
D) mindfully

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a dimension that would likely show differences between liberals and conservatives?

A) harm/care
B) in-group loyalty
C) authority/respect
D) purity

Question 32

Mani is seriously depressed at age 18.Research using the Q-sort suggests that as a child,he probably would have been described as ________.

A) aggressive
B) overcontrolled
C) undercontrolled
D) egocentric

Question 33

According to Jack Block,ego ________ gets people into trouble,but ego ________ gets people out of trouble.

A) undercontrol; overcontrol
B) resiliency; overcontrol
C) overcontrol; undercontrol
D) undercontrol; resiliency

Question 34

What are the essential traits according to Hans Eysenck?

A) neuroticism/extraversion/openness to experience
B) neuroticism/extraversion/psychoticism
C) ego control/ego resiliency/ego adjustment
D) positive emotionality/negative emotionality/constraint

Question 35

Jack Block found that 23-year-olds who described themselves as being politically conservative were likely to have been described as ________ at age 3.

A) self-reliant and energetic
B) guilty and anxious
C) maintaining close relationships
D) emotionally unstable and aggressive

Question 36

According to a relatively recent study,which of the following is one of the reactions of individuals high on right-wing authoritarianism when playing experimental games?

A) They are less likely to obey an experimenter's commands.
B) They seek to win at all costs.
C) They experience more positive emotions than non-authoritarians.
D) They tend to be uncooperative and inflexible.

Question 37

Negative emotionality in Tellegen's three-factor model is closest to which trait in Eysenck's model?

A) extraversion
B) openness to experience
C) psychoticism
D) neuroticism

Question 38

What are essential traits according to Jack Block?

A) neuroticism/extraversion
B) negative emotionality/positive emotionality
C) stability/plasticity
D) ego control/ego resiliency

Question 39

Factor analyses are mostly based on which of the following pieces of information?

A) researchers' judgments
B) superfactors
C) thematic apperception tests
D) correlation matrices

Question 40

What is another name for ego resiliency?

A) psychological adjustment
B) self-monitoring
C) extraversion
D) self-control

Question 41

In order to alleviate the effects of bias in employment testing,employers might want to use ________ because they typically do not show racial or ethnic differences.

A) aptitude tests
B) ability tests
C) tests of conscientiousness
D) achievement tests

Question 42

Factor analyses have revealed a broader personality factor called stability.Which of the following Big Five factors are subfactors of this factor?

A) extraversion, neuroticism, agreeableness
B) extraversion, openness, conscientiousness
C) neuroticism, openness, agreeableness
D) neuroticism, agreeableness, conscientiousness

Question 43

Cross-cultural research on the Big Five suggests that ________.

A) the same Big Five are found in all cultures that have been studied to date
B) none of the factors appears to replicate cross-culturally
C) the central attributes of personality are generally similar in other cultures, but there are at least a few important differences
D) some of the U.S. factors are found in studies using European samples, but none of the U.S. factors are found in studies of Asian samples

Question 44

According to the text,tests of conscientiousness seem to predict ________ better than they predict ________.

A) employee thefts; supervisors' ratings of job performance
B) job satisfaction; employee thefts
C) supervisors' ratings of job performance; employee thefts
D) criminal behavior; job behavior

Question 45

Which Big Five domain captures a tendency to experience negative emotions?

A) neuroticism
B) extraversion
C) conscientiousness
D) openness

Question 46

Sally is a strong proponent of the lexical hypothesis.Where would she likely begin her search for the essential traits of personality?

A) the dictionary
B) by observing the personalities of nonhuman animals
C) Eysenck's theories
D) ancient Greek medical texts

Question 47

According to one survey of employers,seven out of the top eight qualities sought in new employees involved ________.

A) Intelligence
B) Agreeableness
C) emotional intelligence
D) conscientiousness

Question 48

Which of the following traits is largely independent of integrity tests?

A) openness
B) agreeableness
C) emotional stability
D) conscientiousness

Question 49

Which of the Big Five traits appears to be the most complex and "difficult to grasp"?

A) neuroticism
B) extraversion
C) psychoticism
D) openness

Question 50

Which trait is most closely linked with dominance?

A) agreeableness
B) neuroticism
C) conscientiousness
D) extraversion

Question 51

Which trait is linked to reduced creativity in group problem-solving tasks?

A) narcissism
B) openness
C) conscientiousness
D) self-monitoring

Question 52

Factor analyses have revealed a broader personality factor called plasticity.Which of the following Big Five factors are subfactors of this factor?

A) conscientiousness and extraversion
B) openness and neuroticism
C) extraversion and openness
D) neuroticism and agreeableness

Question 53

Which trait has been consistently linked to a range of health outcomes?

A) neuroticism
B) authoritarianism
C) openness
D) conscientiousness

Question 54

Which of the Big Five traits appears to have the most inconsistency in terms of cross-cultural replication?

A) agreeableness
B) extraversion
C) psychoticism
D) openness

Question 55

Which Big Five domain captures a tendency to experience positive emotions?

A) neuroticism
B) extraversion
C) conscientiousness
D) openness

Question 56

Which Big Five domain is related to less smoking?

A) psychoticism
B) extraversion
C) agreeableness
D) openness

Question 57

According to recent research,which trait seems to be related to quicker recovery from disabling accidents or illnesses?

A) agreeableness
B) neuroticism
C) conscientiousness
D) openness

Question 58

The lower your score is on measures of psychological health and well-being,the ________.

A) higher your score is on agreeableness
B) higher your score is on neuroticism
C) higher your score is on self-monitoring
D) lower your score is on authoritarianism

Question 59

Based on research,the resident of which of these cities will probably score the highest on openness?

A) Des Moines, Iowa
B) Milwaukee, Wisconsin
C) Chicago, Illinois
D) Miami, Florida

Question 60

According to a recent study described in the textbook,which trait has been linked to a decrease in life satisfaction following a bout of unemployment?

A) agreeableness
B) conscientiousness
C) narcissism
D) self-monitoring

Question 61

Which trait describes people who are psychologically well adjusted and tend to be religious?

A) honesty-humility
B) sensuality
C) frugality
D) humor

Question 62

Match the most associated trait factor with each facet.
a.Extraversion
b.Agreeableness
c.Conscientiousness
d.Neuroticism
e.Openness
f.Narcissism
g.Self-monitoring
Assertiveness

Question 63

Match the most associated trait factor with each facet.
a.Extraversion
b.Agreeableness
c.Conscientiousness
d.Neuroticism
e.Openness
f.Narcissism
g.Self-monitoring
Gregariousness

Question 64

Match the most associated trait factor with each facet.
a.Extraversion
b.Agreeableness
c.Conscientiousness
d.Neuroticism
e.Openness
f.Narcissism
g.Self-monitoring
Self-discipline

Question 65

Match the most associated trait with each behavior or emotional outcome.
a.Extraversion
b.Agreeableness
c.Conscientiousness
d.Neuroticism
e.Openness
f.Narcissism
g.Self-monitoring
Higher grade point average

Question 66

Match the most associated trait with each behavior or emotional outcome.
a.Extraversion
b.Agreeableness
c.Conscientiousness
d.Neuroticism
e.Openness
f.Narcissism
g.Self-monitoring
Lower emotional well-being

Question 67

Match the most associated trait factor with each facet.
a.Extraversion
b.Agreeableness
c.Conscientiousness
d.Neuroticism
e.Openness
f.Narcissism
g.Self-monitoring
Altruism

Question 68

Match the most associated trait with each behavior or emotional outcome.
a.Extraversion
b.Agreeableness
c.Conscientiousness
d.Neuroticism
e.Openness
f.Narcissism
g.Self-monitoring
Charming demeanor

Question 69

Which of the following characteristics is NOT associated with conscientiousness?

A) high IQ
B) avoidance of risks
C) educational level
D) longevity

Question 70

According to the text,which three personality types are the most replicable?

A) well-adjusted/undercontrolled/overcontrolled
B) Type A/Type B/ Type D
C) Introvert/Extravert/Thinker
D) resilient/controlled/anomic

Question 71

Which choice does NOT describe a reason that the typological approach to personality traits is less valid than trait-based approaches?

A) Researchers have to know which personality types are sufficient, which is very difficult.
B) Personality is more diverse than typological approaches would lead us to believe.
C) Personality types may summarize many traits within an overarching label.
D) Knowing a person's personality type lends a researcher little ability to better predict behavior beyond traits.

Question 72

The Big Five are believed to be orthogonal factors of personality.What does orthogonal mean?

A) People's scores on one of the factors are useful for predicting their scores on only one of the other factors.
B) People's scores on one of the factors are useful for predicting their scores on two of the other factors.
C) People's scores on one of the factors are useful for predicting their scores on three or four of the other factors.
D) People's scores on one of the factors do not predict their scores on any of the other factors.

Question 73

Match the most associated trait factor with each facet.
a.Extraversion
b.Agreeableness
c.Conscientiousness
d.Neuroticism
e.Openness
f.Narcissism
g.Self-monitoring
Hostility

Question 74

Which of the following does NOT describe a reason that people gravitate to the typological approach in contrast to the trait approach?

A) Qualitative differences between types of people are somewhat easier to comprehend than traits.
B) The typological approach has many years worth of empirical support.
C) The trait approach assumes that people can be characterized using similar traits, which might be wrong.
D) Different types of people may be qualitatively distinct from each other.

Question 75

Though some researchers disagree,after over 60 years of research,most personality psychologists think there are how many essential personality factors?

A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6

Question 76

The ________ approach to personality usually assumes that all people can be characterized by points on a continuous score of measurement; the ________ approach to personality suggests that people might differ in kind more than in degree.

A) typological; trait
B) trait; typological
C) essential-trait; single-trait
D) constructivist; critical realist

Question 77

Match the most associated trait with each behavior or emotional outcome.
a.Extraversion
b.Agreeableness
c.Conscientiousness
d.Neuroticism
e.Openness
f.Narcissism
g.Self-monitoring
Higher social status

Question 78

Match the most associated trait with each behavior or emotional outcome.
a.Extraversion
b.Agreeableness
c.Conscientiousness
d.Neuroticism
e.Openness
f.Narcissism
g.Self-monitoring
Creative hobbies

Question 79

What aspects of behavior does self-monitoring help to explain? Thoroughly describe the construct and identify interesting correlates of both high self-monitoring and low self-monitoring.Are there connections between self-monitoring and the Big Five domains?

Question 80

What is the best summary of the current state of knowledge about personality types?

A) Knowing a person's personality type adds to our ability to predict his or her behavior beyond what can be predicted by knowing how the person stands on the traits that define the typology.
B) Although types add little for psychometric purposes of measurement and prediction, they still may have value as aids in education and theorizing.
C) There are five basic personality types, each corresponding to one of the Big Five personality traits.
D) Compared to the trait approach, the typological approach is completely useless for explaining or describing people or behavior.