Deck 6: Memory Distortions

Question 1

Providing a narrative account of an autobiographical event that never happened is

A)false verbal memory
B)confabulation
C)post-distortion
D)conjunction error

Answer 1

confabulation

Question 2

________ is a defense mechanism that prevents unpleasant memories from entering consciousness by anxiety.

A)Repression
B)Regression
C)Leveling
D)Amnesia

Answer 2

Repression

Question 3

To remember details that were not stated in a story, embellishment, is known as

A)false assimilation
B)leveling
C)input recognition
D)sharpening

Answer 3

sharpening

Question 4

To falsely remember a word after studying a list of words highly related to the target is

A)false verbal memory
B)confabulation
C)post-distortion
D)conjunction error

Question 5

Inferences and supposition made to conform new material into existing schemas is

A)integration
B)selection
C)leveling
D)interpretation

Question 6

Remembering a period of time in one's life and tying it to upper-level recollections of a job or place of residence is

A)an autobiographical memory
B)a figurative memory
C)constructed recall
D)dependent recall

Question 7

Schema-guided construction of episodic memories that interpret, embellish, integrate and alter encoded memory representation is called

A)selective interpretation
B)autobiographical recollection
C)reconstructive retrieval
D)assimilation

Question 8

An illusion of memory in which an individual who strongly believes a bizarre event can occur experiences a memory of the event is called

A)a flashbulb memory
B)an implanted memory
C)a delusional false memory
D)a recovered memory

Question 9

Three types of encoding distortions are

A)selection, interpretation, and integration
B)selection, confabulation, and interpretation
C)confabulation, interpretation, and integration
D)selection, interpretation, and confabulation

Question 10

To add details in the retelling of a story is

A)leveling
B)sharpening
C)assimilation
D)sub-encoding

Question 11

The misinformation effect refers to distortions in memory caused by

A)the inaccurate selective encoding of selection
B)inaccuracies focused by encoding errors
C)recalling inappropriate syllables in a phrase
D)misleading information introduced through questions

Question 12

In a word recall experiment, falsely recalling the target word occurs approximately _____ of the time.

A)25%
B)50%
C)68%
D)74%

Question 13

The risk of memory implantation is especially high for

A)teenagers
B)children
C)middle aged
D)elderly

Question 14

Combining features of different events into a unified memory is called

A)integration
B)selection
C)leveling
D)interpretation

Question 15

Which of the following cause memory distortions?

A)selecting a subset of event features
B)interpreting events to fit preexisting schemas
C)integration of features from multiple events
D)all of the above

Question 16

A verbal false memory in which a word is falsely remembered because its syllables were encountered in two different words that were studied is called

A)conjunction error
B)confabulation
C)integration
D)assimilation

Question 17

With the passage of time, repeated attempts to recall a story result in

A)magnification of leveling, sharpening and assimilation
B)a plateau in leveling, sharpening and assimilation
C)decreasing levels of leveling, sharpening and assimilation
D)none of the above

Question 18

Remembering a time and place because of an extreme event is called

A)a substitution memory
B)a flashbulb memory
C)assimilation
D)integration

Question 19

To lose detail in the retelling of a story is

A)leveling
B)sharpening
C)assimilation
D)sub-encoding

Question 20

Schemas shape how events are retrieved from ______ - term memory.

A)short
B)long
C)mid
D)none of the above

Question 21

Which of the following is false regarding comprehension and memory of a story?

A)we primarily remember the details of the story
B)we add some details to the story
C)we delete some details from the story
D)we primarily remember the gist of the story

Question 22

Memory distortions can arise from

A)reconstructive retrieval
B)flawed encoding
C)failure to attribute mental experience to the proper source
D)all of the above

Question 23

Loftus found that leading questions following the witnessing of an auto accident resulted in higher judgment of speeds when the question contained the word ________.

A)smashed
B)collided
C)hit
D)contacted

Question 24

Suppose I asked you what you were doing at 5 p.m.on February 11,1993.Suppose that you thought to yourself the following: "Well, I was in high school then, and I would have probably been heading home from swimming practice about that time." What does this illustrate?

A)semantic encoding
B)organization encoding
C)reconstructive retrieval
D)mnemonic retrieval

Question 25

False eyewitness testimony usually happens when the eyewitness is intentionally lying.

Question 26

A victim of a traumatic event experiences the incident as if it was happening to someone else in order to psychologically avoid the event.This is called

A)repression
B)trauma-induced amnesia
C)delusional false memories
D)memory implantation

Question 27

A delusional false memory

A)is similar to a confabulation
B)may originate from sources like tabloids and television
C)is caused by lesions in the pre-frontal cortical regions
D)both a and b

Question 28

Misidentification in police lineups is more acute when the witness and suspect are of different racial and ethnic backgrounds.

Question 29

__________ can involve bizarre events that could not possibly be true, however the patient believes that the events happened.

A)Selective retrieval
B)Repressed memories
C)Confabulation
D)Assimilation

Question 30

The use of a previously acquired schema when recalling complex events often leads to factual errors.This is referred to as

A)retroactive interference
B)response competition
C)reconstructive retrieval
D)failure to store

Question 31

False confessions to crimes can in theory be brought about through the interrogation of a suspect.The mechanism by which the person comes to believe incorrectly that he or she is guilty of crime is called

A)repression
B)trauma induced amnesia
C)memory implantation
D)dissociation

Question 32

Recovered memories

A)are the retrieval of a previously repressed event
B)are inaccurately reconstructed false memories
C)a and b
D)none of the above

Question 33

Schemas help us in

A)learning
B)fabricating how past events most likely unfolded
C)representing everything that we know
D)all of the above

Question 34

Which of the following is not an explanation for inaccuracies in eyewitness testimony?

A)selective encoding by the witness
B)slanted questioning
C)faulty courtroom schemas
D)implanted memories

Question 35

Repression of memories can take place during

A)childhood
B)adolescence
C)adulthood
D)all of the above

Question 36

Schemas help _______ memories.

A)distort
B)construct
C)encode
D)all of the above

Question 37

You are instructed to read a story called The War of the Ghosts.At the end, you are asked to recall whatever details of the story that you can remember.You relate an insignificant detail of something black coming from the mouth of a character in the story. This is called

A)sharpening
B)detailing
C)leveling
D)elaborating

Question 38

Sometimes elements of several different events are combined into a unified memory.This is called _________, and is one type of encoding distortion.

A)leveling
B)interpretation
C)integration
D)sharpening

Question 39

Research has indicated that high arousal induced by violence tends to _______the accuracy of eyewitness identification for peripheral details.

A)increase
B)decrease
C)have no effect on
D)at times increase and at times decrease

Question 40

In order to recall where and how a memory is encoded one must use

A)source monitoring
B)personal reflection
C)schematic recall
D)reconstructive recall

Question 41

Selective encoding of information that fits prior knowledge is an encoding distortion.

Question 42

Explain three processes that contribute to the inaccuracy of eyewitness testimony.How does each process work to create false memories?

Question 43

Uncovering repressed memories almost always results in reconstructed false memories.

Question 44

Trauma-induced amnesia is a rare type of dissociated consciousness.

Question 45

Leading questions can result in false memories.

Question 46

Autobiographical recollection only includes time and place actions pertinent to our lives.

Question 47

It is possible to plant a memory with repeated suggestions over time.

Question 48

When recalling a story, what kind of distortions can arise?

Question 49

Explain an argument challenging the validity of trauma-induced amnesia.