Deck 8: Deductive Reasoning: Categorical Logic

Question 1

The four standard forms of categorical statements are all S are P,

A) some S are P, some S are not P, and all S are S.
B) some S are P, all S are not P, and some S are not P.
C) no S are not P, no S are P, and all P are S.
D) some S are P, some S are not P, and no S are P.

Answer 1

some S are P, some S are not P, and no S are P.

Question 2

The standard-form statement "No S are P" is a

A) universal affirmative.
B) particular affirmative.
C) universal negative.
D) particular negative.

Answer 2

universal negative.

Question 3

A particular negative statement is designated by the letter

A) R.
B) O.
C) A.
D) E.

Answer 3

O.

Question 4

The basic unit of concern in categorical logic is the

A) statement.
B) predicate.
C) statement component.
D) subject.

Question 5

What is the pattern of all standard-form categorical statements?

A) Subject term, copula, predicate term, quantifier
B) Subject term, copula, negative term, quantifier
C) Quantifier, subject term, copula, predicate term
D) Quantifier, subject term, predicate term, copula

Question 6

In an A-statement, the words only and only if precede the _______ term.

A) subject
B) conditional
C) quantifier
D) predicate

Question 7

What is the standard-form translation of the singular statement "John Brown is a plumber"?

A) All persons like John Brown are plumbers.
B) No persons like John Brown are plumbers.
C) John Brown is a person identical with a plumber.
D) All persons identical with John Brown are plumbers.

Question 8

The first class, or group, named in a standard-form categorical statement is the

A) subject.
B) copula.
C) predicate.
D) quantifier.

Question 9

A categorical syllogism has exactly _______ terms, with each one appearing _______ in the argument.

A) three; three times
B) three; twice
C) three; once
D) two; three times

Question 10

The quantifier _______ at the beginning of a categorical statement indicates that the statement is particular.

A) some
B) all
C) no
D) every

Question 11

What is the form of an I-statement?

A) All S are P.
B) Some S are P.
C) Some S are not P.
D) No S are P.

Question 12

What is the form of an E-statement?

A) Some S are P.
B) All S are P.
C) No S are S.
D) No S are P.

Question 13

Categorical statements make simple assertions about

A) other statements.
B) complex assertions.
C) classes of things.
D) classes of assertions.

Question 14

The second class, or group, named in a standard-form categorical statement is the

A) subject.
B) copula.
C) predicate.
D) quantifier.

Question 15

The statement "Something is a breakfast only if it's a meal" is equivalent to an

A) O-statement.
B) I-statement.
C) E-statement.
D) A-statement.

Question 16

What is the form of an O-statement?

A) All S are P.
B) Some S are not P.
C) No S are P.
D) Some S are P.

Question 17

In categorical arguments, the _______ indicates the number of things with specified characteristics.

A) copula
B) predicate
C) subject
D) quantifier

Question 18

What kind of standard-form categorical statement is "There are engineers who are painters"?

A) A
B) E
C) I
D) O

Question 19

What is the proper translation of "Chevrolets are not birds"?

A) "No Chevrolets are birds."
B) "No birds are Chevrolets."
C) "Some Chevrolets are birds."
D) "Some Chevrolets are not birds."

Question 20

The statement "Only if something has a back beat is it real rock and roll" is an _______ statement.

A) A
B) E
C) I
D) O

Question 21

The statement "There is no excellence without difficulty" is an _______ statement.

A) A
B) E
C) I
D) O

Question 22

The _______ of a statement is obtained by replacing the predicate term with the term's complement and switching the statement from affirmative to negative, or negative to affirmative.

A) negation
B) contrapositive
C) converse
D) obverse

Question 23

What is the converse of the statement "Some students are geniuses"?

A) Some geniuses are students.
B) No geniuses are students.
C) Some geniuses are not students.
D) All geniuses are students.

Question 24

The _______ of a statement is obtained by reversing the positions of the subject and predicate terms and substituting complement terms for the subject and predicate terms.

A) positive
B) contrapositive
C) converse
D) obverse

Question 25

What does the following Venn diagram represent?

A) All S are P.
B) No S are P.
C) Some S are P.
D) Some S are not P.

Question 26

What does the following Venn diagram represent?

A) All S are P.
B) No S are P.
C) Some S are P.
D) Some S are not P.

Question 27

What does the following Venn diagram represent?

A) All S are P.
B) No S are P.
C) Some S are P.
D) Some S are not P.

Question 28

What is the correct symbolic form for the syllogism "No apples are vegetables. Some plants are vegetables. So, some plants are not apples"?

A) Some P are not M. All S are M.
Therefore, some S are not P.
B) No S are P. No S are M.
Therefore, some S are not P.
C) Some P are not M.
No S are M.
Therefore, some S are not P.
D) No P are M.
Some S are M.
Therefore, some S are not P.

Question 29

What is the correct Venn diagram for testing the validity of "Some roses are yellow flowers. All roses are plants. Therefore, some plants are yellow flowers"?

A)
B)
C)
D)

Question 30

What is the obverse of the statement "All wombats are marsupials"?

A) All wombats are non-marsupials.
B) Some wombats are not non-marsupials.
C) No wombats are non-marsupials.
D) Some wombats are non-marsupials.

Question 31

In a categorical syllogism, the middle term appears in each premise but not the conclusion.

Question 32

E- and I-statements are equivalent to their contrapositives.

Question 33

"Some S are not P" is an O-statement.

Question 34

"No S are P" is an A-statement.

Question 35

"All cars are not Fords" is expressed in standard form.

Question 36

In an A-statement, the words the only precede the subject term.

Question 37

A- and O-statements are contradictories.

Question 38

The copula is always either are or are not.

Question 39

In categorical statements, some means "at least two."

Question 40

The easiest way to check the validity of a categorical syllogism is to draw a truth table.

Question 41

In a Venn diagram, a shaded area indicates an empty class.

Question 42

Categorical statements vary both in terms of quality and quantity.

Question 43

In a categorical syllogism, the major term of the argument is the subject term in the conclusion.

Question 44

The contrapositive of "All carrots are vegetables" is "All non-vegetables are non-carrots."

Question 45

A categorical syllogism has three premises.

Question 46

The obverse of "All wolves are canines" is "No wolves are non-canines."

Question 47

The sentence "Sharks are good swimmer" is an example of a universal statement.

Question 48

The following Venn diagram represents "Some S are P."

Question 49

The following Venn diagram represents "Some S are not P."

Question 50

The following Venn diagram represents "All S are P."

Question 51

What are the four standard forms of categorical statements?

Question 52

What is the main purpose of translating categorical statements into standard form? What steps are involved in such translations?

Question 53

What are the four parts of a categorical syllogism and what is the function of each one?

Question 54

What are singular statements and how are they dealt with when translating them into standard form?

Question 55

In logic, what is the meaning of "some" and what is the advantage of using this restrictive definition?

Question 56

What are the three forms of categorical equivalence?

Question 57

What are the basic steps in using Venn diagrams to check the validity of categorical syllogisms?

Question 58

What is the proper place for minor, major, and middle terms in a categorical syllogism?

Question 59

When diagramming a categorical syllogism with a universal premise and a particular premise, why is it important to diagram the universal premise first?

Question 60

What is the square of opposition and how is it used?