Deck 5: Applying Ethical Values and Principles in Ethical Reasoning

Question 1

The approach used in applying an ethical value is important in creating an ethical justification

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Understanding how you apply your personal ethical standard helps you explain your ethical reasoning to others.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Relying on gut feelings is one way to apply ethical values.

Answer 3

False

Question 4

The three basic approaches to applying ethical values and principles are absolutism, relativism, and casuistry.

Question 5

Consistency is important for applying ethical principles absolutely

Question 6

Considering how your decision will make others feel is important to an absolutist approach to ethical practice.

Question 7

Kant's first expression of the categorical imperative is an example of absolutism.

Question 8

Kant's categorical imperative guarantees that people will act ethically.

Question 9

Making a false promise violates Kant's categorical imperative.

Question 10

An absolutist approach to ethics focuses on what you ought to do for its own sake, not what you would prefer or like to do.

Question 11

Emotion has an important role to play in the absolutist approach to ethical practice.

Question 12

Kant's second expression of the categorical imperative treats human dignity as an ethical absolute.

Question 13

A false promise treats others as a means to achieve a goal.

Question 14

There is only one form of relativism.

Question 15

"No one has a right to judge another person's ethics" is a statement of individualist relativism.

Question 16

Individualist relativism understands ethics as highly personal.

Question 17

Relativism that focuses entirely on the facts of a situation, and not ethical values or principles, is situational relativism.

Question 18

Using your personal ethical standard to understand a situation is important to situational relativism.

Question 19

Situational relativism approaches each situation as ethically unique, so you do not apply what you have learned from similar situations in the past.

Question 20

The basis of ethics in conventional relativism is a group, community, or culture.

Question 21

As we become more aware of cultural differences, we become more aware that ethics the same across cultures.

Question 22

Ubuntu is an African value that emphasizes human interconnection, that "a person becomes a person through other people."

Question 23

Western individualism and the African value of ubuntu are essentially the same.

Question 24

Tolerance has little role to play in the practice of relativism.

Question 25

Practice of tolerance involves suspending judgments about whether another person's actions are ethical or unethical.

Question 26

Practicing tolerance discourages us from making quick judgments about others.

Question 27

Practicing tolerance does not push us outside of our comfort zones

Question 28

The consistent practice of tolerance can create an ethical dilemma.

Question 29

Repeatedly seeing someone harmed and saying nothing because that would be intolerant, is the ethical dilemma of tolerance.

Question 30

In ethical relativism, the most ethical communication practice is listening.

Question 31

Almost perpetual listening occurs when a communicator focuses only on listening to understand, while not communicating her thoughts, concerns, or ethical judgments.

Question 32

Toleration and tolerance are the same idea.

Question 33

Toleration is a political value, not an ethical one.

Question 34

Toleration focuses on political acceptance of a belief or practice, not ethical acceptance.

Question 35

Jonathan Sacks argues that as a method for applying ethical values and principles, relativism has substituted tolerance, ethical acceptance, for toleration, political acceptance.

Question 36

Casuistry's method of applying values and principles balances commitments with responsiveness to persons and situations.

Question 37

Aristotle in the Nicomachean Ethics noted that while there is a broad outline of what is ethically good, the specifics of what is ethically good can vary with the situation.

Question 38

Both casuistry and communication competence consider situations or context important is discerning how to act.

Question 39

Rigorous and consistent application of communication rules creates competent communication.

Question 40

Discerning when to make an exception to an ethical value or principle is important in casuistry.

Question 41

In casuistry, a paradigm case illustrates how to apply an ethical value or rule.

Question 42

Stories are an important way to communicate paradigm cases in casuistry.

Question 43

In casuistry, a decision maker compares the facts of a situation with a paradigm case, to discern whether to make an exception to an ethical principle, e.g. honesty is the best policy.

Question 44

In casuistry, the goal of comparing facts of a situation to a paradigm case is to identify ethically significant similarities and differences in the facts.

Question 45

Facts of a situation matter little in casuistry.

Question 46

Consistently applying ethical principles is fundamental to casuistry.

Question 47

Presumption and burden of proof are important in casuistry

Question 48

In casuistry, ethical values and principles always have presumption.

Question 49

Burden of proof is a test of reasoning that a decision maker must meet in order to grant an exception to an ethical value or principle.

Question 50

Bok's tests of publicity are examples of burden of proof.

Question 51

When a decision maker meets a burden of proof in casuistry, she changes her presumption about her ethical values.

Question 52

Using presumption and burden of proof in ethical reasoning creates a justification to offer to others for discussion and evaluation.

Question 53

Casuistry is a method of applying ethical values and principle that can help identify when to compromise with integrity.

Question 54

Casuistry offers little help in ethical dilemmas where two ethical values are in conflict.

Question 55

Casuistry offers a way to navigate between absolutism and relativism.

Question 56

Casuistry is a method for identifying integrity preserving compromise.

Question 57

How you apply values and principles in ethical reasoning is important for

A) consistency.
B) reversibility.
C) creating a justification.
D) moral development.

Question 58

There are 3 (three) basic approaches for applying ethical values and principles in ethical reasoning-

A) absolutism, relativism, and casuistry.
B) absolutism, relativism, and moral intuition.
C) moral intuition, situational relativism, and casuistry.
D) absolutism, individualist relativism, and casuistry.

Question 59

Kant's categorical imperative is an example of

A) absolutism.
B) situational relativism
C) casuistry
D) moral intuition.

Question 60

Which of the following is not relevant in practicing ethical values and principle absolutely?

A) How you feel.
B) What is good in and of itself.
C) Your obligation or duty.
D) Whether someone could be harmed.

Question 61

In applying ethical values and principles consistently, absolutism helps

A) Rationalize a decision.
B) promote moral intuition.
C) prevent granting exceptions that creates advantages for yourself or friends.
D) create laws that fairly govern society.

Question 62

Reasoning with the categorical imperative about making a false promise points out

A) how false promises create advantages in negotiation.
B) that if everyone made false promises we could not trust anything that others say.
C) that false promises improve the quality of our decision making.
D) making false promises does not become easier over time.

Question 63

Kant's second expression of the categorical imperative expresses is based on which of the following ideas?

A) Each person has human dignity based on her capacity to reason about choices.
B) Each person has human dignity based on her capacity to care.
C) No person should every be physically harmed.
D) Each person deserves restorative justice.

Question 64

Which of the following is not a form of relativism?

A) Individualist
B) Situationist
C) Conventional
D) Professional

Question 65

A person's personal ethical commitments are most important in which form of relativism?

A) Individualist
B) Situationist
C) Conventional
D) Both a & b
E) Both b & c

Question 66

Situationist relativism focuses on

A) ethical values and principles.
B) tradition.
C) facts of a situation.
D) personal ethical commitments.

Question 67

Conventional relativism focuses on the ethical values and principles of

A) Groups.
B) Communities.
C) Cultures.
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 68

Ubuntu is an ethical value

A) shared by both western and African cultures.
B) that is highly individualistic.
C) emphasizes human interconnection.
D) that has little relevance for the practice of justice.

Question 69

When you suspend judgments about people who are different from you, you practice _____.

A) tolerance
B) restorative justice
C) casuistry
D) moral intuition

Question 70

Living with people whose ideas or behaviors make you uncomfortable characterizes the practice of

A) casuistry
B) procedural justice
C) tolerance
D) acknowledgment

Question 71

Managing the tendency to quickly judge others is a benefit of the practice of _____.

A) casuistry
B) tolerance
C) acknowledgment
D) restorative justice

Question 72

When you repeatedly see an unethical practice, especially one that harms persons, and do nothing because to act would be judgmental, you are experiencing

A) moral intuition.
B) tests of publicity.
C) the ethical dilemma of tolerance.
D) a new stage of moral development.

Question 73

Which of the following communication acts is fundamental to practicing tolerance?

A) Listening
B) Speaking
C) Persuasion
D) Argumentation

Question 74

A communicator who focuses on listening to understand and repeatedly avoids communicating her thoughts, concerns, or ethical judgments,

A) has detached herself from the situation.
B) is practicing almost perpetual listening.
C) is practicing procedural justice.
D) is guided by moral intuition.

Question 75

Toleration differs from tolerance in that toleration

A) is a political value.
B) is a response to European religious war between Catholics and Protestants.
C) does not require acceptance of another person's beliefs or values.
D) All of the above
E) None of the above

Question 76

A criticism of relativism is that it can tolerate

A) too much difference.
B) inconsistency.
C) atrocities.
D) judgments.

Question 77

The method that applies ethical values by balancing commitment to ethical values with responsiveness to persons and circumstances is call _____.

A) Casuistry
B) Situational relativism
C) Individualist relativism
D) Rationalization

Question 78

Casuistry is a method for systematically discerning when to make ____ to an ethical value or principle.

A) judgments
B) rationalizations
C) exceptions
D) changes

Question 79

A story that clearly applies an ethical principle or value is called a(n) _____.

A) rule
B) paradigm case
C) illustration
D) moral intuition

Question 80

Reasoning with casuistry involves comparing the facts of a situation to

A) a paradigm case, to identify ethically significant similarities and differences.
B) exceptions, to identify when the ethical rule needs to change.
C) moral emotions, to identify the most relevant moral emotions.
D) personal experience, to identify what is most important to the decision maker.