Deck 6: Attention, Memory, and Multitasking

Question 1

An exact copy but short lived copy of the impinging sensory information is available in the

A) Sensory register
B) Working memory
C) Long-term memory
D) Short-term memory

Answer 1

A

Question 2

The sensory register for aural stimuli is called the

A) Iconic register
B) Echoic register
C) Haptic register
D) Sensory register

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Information in the echoic register may persist for

A) a 1/2 second or less.
B) between 4 and 9 seconds.
C) between a 1/4 to 4 seconds
D) for less than 10 milliseconds

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Verbal rehearsal allows information to be maintained indefinitely in ________.

A) Prospective memory
B) Meta cognition
C) Long-term memory
D) Short-term memory

Question 5

Research findings indicate that the capacity of short-term memory may be as small as

A) 7±2 items
B) 2 items
C) 3±1 items
D) 10 items

Question 6

Information in short-term memory lasts ______when rehearsal is prevented.

A) Indefinitely
B) 2-3 minutes
C) Less than 20 second
D) Less than one second

Question 7

The strategy of organizing information into short meaningful groupings thereby increasing the effective capacity of short-term memory is called _______.

A) concatenation
B) chunking
C) clumping
D) merging

Question 8

The subvocal rehearsal of information in working memory is generated by the ____________.

A) Articulatory control process
B) Visuo-spatial sketchpad.
C) Central Executive.
D) Episodic buffer.

Question 9

A task requiring a player to imagine the placement of chess pieces on a chessboard would be expected to engage the ____________.

A) Articulatory control process
B) Visuo-spatial sketchpad.
C) Central Executive.
D) Episodic buffer.

Question 10

In Baddeleys' model the __________ is hypothesized to serve multiple functions including planning behavior, maintaining and switching of attention between tasks.

A) Visuospatial sketch pad
B) Phonological loop
C) Central executive
D) Articulatory control process

Question 11

A failure to recall the capital of Wyoming would be an example of a failure of

A) Prospective memory
B) Working memory
C) Episodic memory
D) Semantic memory

Question 12

A failure to remember to stop by the dry cleaner on the way home would be an example of a failure of

A) Prospective memory
B) Semantic memory
C) Episodic memory
D) Procedural memory

Question 13

The use of reminders, Postit notes etc serve to minimize failures of

A) Prospective memory
B) Semantic memory
C) Episodic memory
D) Procedural memory

Question 14

Accidents sometimes occur because a drivers who attend exclusively to one object in the scene or to one task. In this case the driver is relying on ______ attention when they should be _______ attention.

A) Divided; selecting
B) Selective; dividing
C) Sustained; selecting
D) None of the above

Question 15

The term ___________ processing refers to knowledge that is stored in long-term memory that a driver might rely on to anticipate where to look for hazards.

A) Bottom-up
B) Mid-level
C) Top-down
D) schematic

Question 16

According to the text the selection of channels to attend is driven by salience, effort, expectancy, and value. The failure to monitor displays located in hard to view locations is an example of the effect of ________ on selective attention.

A) Salience
B) Expectancy
C) Value
D) Effort

Question 17

The use of bright lights and sirens by police and fire vehicles is an example of the use of ________ to capture attention.

A) Effort
B) Expectancy
C) Saliency
D) Value

Question 18

Based on studies of the Flanker Compatibility Effect if the primary task of driving is made more cognitively demanding by having the driver negotiate a complex intersection or drive under poor environmental conditions like rain, we may predict

A) Little effect on the driver's detection of other road hazards like a pedestrian.
B) The driver will be less likely to detect road hazards like a pedestrian.
C) The drivers to speed up.
D) Improved driving performance.

Question 19

According to the findings of de Fockert et al. the effectiveness of visual search is improved

A) By the representation of the scene in the sensory register
B) By a positive mental outlook
C) By the maintenance of stimulus priorities for attention in working memory
D) All of the above

Question 20

Research suggests that one of the best predictors of crash rates is

A) Visual acuity
B) Depth perception
C) Working memory
D) Selective and divided attention

Question 21

Which statement concerning multi-tasking is ------------------------------- true?

A) Cognitive processes involved in choosing when to shift attention between tasks is believed to be mediated by central executive component of Baddeley's model of working memory.
B) The appearance of multi-tasking belies the fact that participants are likely delaying decision on one task while they make a decision related to another concurrent task.
C) The decision stage supports current processing of multiple decisions.
D) Tasks where there is a natural mapping (i.e., repeating words you hear) may be performed in parallel with another task.

Question 22

Parallel parking is a task that some drivers never master. Which statement is NOT correct regarding why some drivers never master parallel parking?

A) Most drivers don't have much experience having to parallel park.
B) Parallel parking would be multi-tasked well with another task.
C) The mapping between movements of the steering wheel and movements of the rear of the car lack consistent mapping.
D) Parallel parking is an example of a controlled process.

Question 23

Which of the following NOT a characteristic of automatic processes?

A) Susceptibility to the effects of stress
B) Rapid response times
C) Lower cognitive effort
D) Reduced attentional demands.

Question 24

Which of the following statements regarding interference is TRUE?

A) Tasks that place demands on the same cognitive processes will produce less interference.
B) Tasks that demand access to different components of working memory (i.e., phonological loop versus visuo-spatial sketch pad) will cause less interference
C) That's that demand access to the same sensory systems or motor behaviors (actions of the hands or feet) will not cause interference
D) None of the above statements are TRUE.

Question 25

The vigilance decrement is a failure of

A) Divided attention
B) Spatial attention
C) Sustained attention
D) Automaticity

Question 26

Which of the following hypotheses attributes the Vigilance decrement to perceptual habituation to a repetitive stimulus?

A) Sensitivity hypothesis
B) Arousal hypothesis
C) Motivational hypothesis
D) None of the above