Question 1

&#34;Effect of school pregnancy-prevention clinics on students' attitudes toward contraception.&#34; The independent variable is:&#10;A) pregnancy-prevention clinics in schools&#10;B) students' attitudes toward contraception&#10;C) effect of school on students&#10;D) not enough information provided to determine the independent variable

Accepted Answer

The independent variable is the factor that is being manipulated, and in this case, it is the presence of pregnancy-prevention clinics in schools. Students' attitudes toward contraception are the dependent variable, meaning they are being measured as a result of the manipulation of the independent variable.

Question 2

&#34;Effect of school pregnancy-prevention clinics on students' attitudes toward contraception.&#34; The dependent variable is:&#10;A) pregnancy-prevention clinics in schools&#10;B) students' attitudes toward contraception&#10;C) effect of school on students&#10;D) not enough information provided to determine the dependent variable

Accepted Answer

The dependent variable is the change or effect (or lack thereof) on the students' attitudes toward contraception. This is being measured in response to the independent variable of pregnancy-prevention clinics in schools.

Question 3

&#34;Effect of school pregnancy-prevention clinics on students' attitudes toward contraception.&#34; A testable hypothesis is:&#10;A) Schools have effects on students' attitudes.&#10;B) Students' attitudes affect whether or not a school has a pregnancy-prevention clinic.&#10;C) There are schools where students lack pregnancy-prevention clinics.&#10;D) None of these hypotheses (a, b, c) is testable as stated.

Accepted Answer

All three choices (a, b, c) are simply statements of fact and do not propose a specific causal relationship that can be tested. A testable hypothesis should have a clear independent and dependent variable and propose a relationship between the two.

Question 4

According to the textbook, why can we reject a hypothesis but never &#34;prove&#34; a hypothesis?&#10;A) A hypothesis about causation projects into the future so there is no way to verify it conclusively.&#10;B) Relationships among social variables are imperfect, so it is possible to contradict a hypothesis.&#10;C) Both a and b&#10;D) Neither a nor b

Accepted Answer

The answer of According to the textbook, why can we...

Question 5

It is important to know the types of measures used in a study because the type of measures&#10;A) determines the statistical procedures that can be undertaken.&#10;B) determines whether an ethics committee must evaluate the research proposal.&#10;C) both a and b&#10;D) neither a nor b

Accepted Answer

The type of measures used in a study determines the statistical procedures that can be undertaken because different types of data (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) require different statistical analyses. The necessity for an ethics committee evaluation is determined by the nature of the study, potential risks to participants, and ethical considerations, not directly by the types of measures.

Question 6

An IRB (or research ethics committee, or research ethics board) examines research proposals to look for&#10;A) problems with stated hypothesis(es).&#10;B) adequate sample size and use of appropriate measurement of variables.&#10;C) potentially harmful impacts on subjects.&#10;D) all of these (a, b, c)

Accepted Answer

An IRB primarily focuses on the ethical aspects of research, particularly the protection of human subjects from harm.

Question 7

A &#34;control&#34; variable is used to&#10;A) test the relationship between two variables of interest.&#10;B) reduce the likelihood of misinterpreting a spurious relationship as if it were causal.&#10;C) both a and b&#10;D) neither a nor b

Accepted Answer

A control variable is used to test the relationship between two variables of interest while reducing the likelihood of misinterpreting a spurious relationship as if it were causal. Therefore, both option a and b are correct.

Question 8

Confidentiality in social research means that the researcher&#10;A) cannot link data to specific individuals.&#10;B) knows respondents' identities but does not reveal in any way that can be linked to individual respondents.&#10;C) both a and b&#10;D) neither a nor b

Accepted Answer

Confidentiality in social research involves the researcher knowing the identities of the respondents but ensuring that this information is not disclosed in a way that can be linked back to the individuals. This means that while the researcher is aware of who has provided the data, they protect this information to maintain the privacy of the participants.

Question 9

In social science, perfect relationships almost never are observed because&#10;A) nearly every variable in the social world is influenced by many other variables.&#10;B) measurements are often imprecise and contain errors.&#10;C) both a and b&#10;D) neither a nor b

Accepted Answer

Both options A and B are correct. The social world is complex and influenced by many variables, making it difficult to observe perfect relationships. Additionally, measurements in social science are often subject to errors and imprecision, further complicating the ability to observe perfect relationships.

Deck 3: Scientific Method and Basic Concepts