Question 1

Which are aspects of measurement quality?&#10;A) measurement reliability and external validity&#10;B) measurement validity and measurement reliability&#10;C) external validity and internal validity

Accepted Answer

Measurement validity and measurement reliability are both important aspects of measurement quality. Validity refers to whether the measurement accurately and meaningfully captures the concept it is intended to measure, while reliability refers to the consistency and stability of the measurement over time and across different situations. While external and internal validity are also important considerations in research design, they are not specific to measurement quality.

Question 2

What is not another word for indicator?&#10;A) proxy&#10;B) measure&#10;C) construct

Accepted Answer

While proxy and measure are sometimes used interchangeably with indicator, construct refers to a theoretical concept or idea that is being measured by indicators. Therefore, construct is not necessarily another word for indicator.

Question 3

Which of the following concepts is a 'simple' concept?&#10;A) age&#10;B) crime&#10;C) inequality

Accepted Answer

Age is a straightforward concept that is easily measurable and understandable. Crime and inequality are more complex concepts that can be interpreted and defined in different ways.

Question 4

External validity refers to the validity of inferences about whether the results of the study are&#8230;&#10;A) generalizable beyond a specific study&#10;B) ... such that one can conclude that X has a causal impact on Y&#10;C) ... relevant for social policy

Accepted Answer

External validity refers to the ability to generalize the results of a study beyond the specific research setting, sample, or population. It is concerned with the extent to which the findings can be generalized to other settings, populations, and time periods. It is about the generalizability of the findings. Option B refers to internal validity and option C refers to policy relevance, which are not related to external validity.

Question 5

What does operationalization mean?&#10;A) the translation of a complex concept into a simple concept&#10;B) the differentiation of multiple dimentions of a complex concept&#10;C) the translation of concepts into indicators

Accepted Answer

Operationalization refers to the process of translating abstract concepts into concrete, measurable indicators or variables. This allows researchers to measure and analyze these concepts in a systematic and rigorous way. Option A refers to simplification, while option B refers to breaking down a complex concept into its different dimensions, which is a related but distinct process from operationalization.

Question 6

A researcher can increase measurement reliability by:&#10;A) using a representative sample&#10;B) validation of the measures&#10;C) standardization of the measures

Accepted Answer

Standardization of the measures ensures consistency in how data is collected, which increases reliability.

Question 7

What is a biased sample?&#10;A) sample, for which observations in the study cannot be generalized to the population&#10;B) a small set of cases a researcher selects from the population&#10;C) sample, based on dividing the population in subpopulations

Accepted Answer

A biased sample is a sample that is not representative of the entire population and therefore cannot be generalized to the larger population. This can occur if the sample is not selected randomly or if certain groups within the population are over or underrepresented in the sample.

Question 8

A relation between X and Y is called 'spurious' if...&#10;A) the effect of X on Y is moderated by Z&#10;B) the relationship between X and Y is mediated by Z&#10;C) X and Y are associated but not causally related

Accepted Answer

A spurious relationship between X and Y is one where they are associated but not causally related, so choice C is the correct answer. If the effect of X on Y is moderated by Z, that means the relationship between X and Y changes based on the level of Z, which is not a spurious relationship. Similarly, if the relationship between X and Y is mediated by Z, then Z is a causal factor in the relationship between X and Y, which is also not a spurious relationship.

Deck 3: Methods