Question 1

What are the meanings of Saussure's terms langue and parole?&#10;A) Parole is the system of language and langue is the individual utterances&#10;B) Langue is the system of language and parole is the individual utterances&#10;C) Langue is written language and parole is spoken language

Accepted Answer

According to Saussure, langue refers to the abstract system of language, which includes rules and conventions for grammar, syntax, and vocabulary, whereas parole refers to the actual use of language by individuals, including spoken and written communication. Therefore, the best choice is B, where Langue is the system of language, and parole is the individual utterances.

Question 2

What is Jakobson's stance towards equivalence of meaning between languages?&#10;A) The problem of cross-cultural difference often makes translation impossible&#10;B) Linguistic relativity makes translation impossible&#10;C) All things are translatable except perhaps poetry

Accepted Answer

Jakobson believed that all things were translatable, including poetry. He emphasized the importance of finding equivalents for different linguistic elements such as phonemes, grammar, and vocabulary in order to achieve a successful translation. He did not believe that cross-cultural differences or linguistic relativity made translation impossible.

Question 3

What are the three phases of Nida's system of translation?&#10;A) Analysis, translation and back transformation&#10;B) Analysis, transfer and restructuring&#10;C) Analysis, transfer and exegesis

Accepted Answer

Nida's system of translation consists of three phases: analysis, transfer, and restructuring. In the analysis phase, the translator studies the source text to understand the content, structure, and cultural context. In the transfer phase, the translator transfers the meaning from the source language to the target language, taking into account the differences in grammar, vocabulary, and syntax. In the restructuring phase, the translator restructures the target language text to make it natural and fluent, while remaining faithful to the original meaning. Choice A is incorrect because "back transformation" is not part of Nida's system. Choice C is incorrect because "exegesis" refers to interpretation, which is not part of the translation process in Nida's system.

Question 4

What are the types of meaning that Nida analyses?&#10;A) Linguistic, referential and connotative meaning&#10;B) Structural, semantic and pragmatic meaning&#10;C) Dictionary and emotive meaning

Accepted Answer

Nida distinguishes between three types of meaning: linguistic (the denotative or dictionary meaning of a word); referential (the meaning that words have in relation to the objects they refer to); and connotative (the emotional or associative meaning that words carry).

Question 5

What are the two 'basic orientations' of translation described by Nida?&#10;A) Formal equivalence (later called 'formal correspondence') and dynamic equivalence (later called 'functional equivalence')&#10;B) Formal equivalence and equivalent effect&#10;C) Formal correspondence and dynamic translation

Accepted Answer

Nida proposed two basic orientations or approaches to translation, formal equivalence (later called 'formal correspondence') and dynamic equivalence (later called 'functional equivalence'). Formal equivalence focuses on preserving the form and structure of the source text, while dynamic equivalence emphasizes conveying the meaning and message of the source text in a natural and culturally appropriate way in the target language.

Question 6

Which of Newmark's types of translation corresponds to Nida's 'dynamic equivalence'?&#10;A) Semantic translation&#10;B) Communicative translation&#10;C) Literal translation

Accepted Answer

Nida's dynamic equivalence is focused on conveying the meaning and message of the source text in a way that is natural and understandable in the target culture. This aligns closely with Newmark's concept of communicative translation, which prioritizes conveying the intended meaning and effect of the source text over a literal word-for-word translation.

Question 7

Which of Koller's types of equivalence corresponds to Nida's 'dynamic equivalence'?&#10;A) Connotative equivalence&#10;B) Text-normative equivalence&#10;C) Pragmatic equivalence

Accepted Answer

Koller's "pragmatic equivalence" corresponds to Nida's "dynamic equivalence" as both focus on conveying the meaning and intent of the original text in a way that is easily understandable and culturally appropriate for the target audience.

Question 8

What is a tertium comparationis?&#10;A) Formal equivalence&#10;B) A comparison against which departure from meaning in an ST and TT may be gauged&#10;C) A translation that is used to create a dynamic equivalent

Accepted Answer

A tertium comparationis is a common element, concept or idea that is used for comparison between the source text and target text. It is used to gauge the departure from meaning in the translation process. Therefore, choice B is the correct answer. A and C are incorrect as they do not accurately describe the concept of tertium comparationis.

Deck 3: Equivalence and Equivalent Effect