Deck 2: The Art of Visual Storytelling: Creating Accurate Tables and Graphs

Question 1

Which one of these columns is not common in a frequency distribution?

A) Frequencies
B) Percentages
C) Cumulative Percentages
D) Cumulative Categories

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Here is a part of a frequency distribution:
Cumulative
Which number goes in the blank?
$\begin{array}{llll}\underline {\text { \# of kids }}&\underline {\text { Frequency }}&\underline {\text { Percentage}}&\underline {\text { Percentage}}\\0 & 3 & 15 \% & 15 \% \\1 & 5 & \underline { \quad \quad } & 40 \% \\2 & 4 & 20 \% & 60 \%\\3..\end{array}$

A) 17%
B) 25%
C) 41.67%
D) 66.67%

Answer 2

25%

Question 3

In an SPSS-generated frequency distribution, which of these cannot be true regarding the Percent and Valid Percent columns:

A) the percentages for each category are the same for both the Percent column and the Valid Percent column
B) the percentages in the Percent column are smaller than the percentages in the Valid Percent column
C) the percentages in the Valid Percent column are smaller than the percentages in the Percent column
D) If the percentage for a category in the Percent column is 0%, the percentage for a category in the Valid Percent column is also 0%.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

A table that shows the relationship between two variables is typically called:

A) a frequency distribution
B) a grouped frequency distribution
C) a crosstabulation
D) a bivariate distribution

Question 5

In a crosstab showing the relationship between sex and gun ownership, the number of women who own guns is 137. Where would you find this number?

A) In a column marginal
B) In a row marginal
C) In a cell
D) In the bottom right marginal

Question 6

In a crosstab showing the relationship between sex and gun ownership, the number of people who own guns is 243. Where would you find this number?

A) In a column marginal
B) In a row marginal
C) In a cell
D) in the bottom right marginal

Question 7

In a crosstab showing the relationship between sex and gun ownership, the number of people who are women is 201. Where would you find this number?

A) In a column marginal
B) In a row marginal
C) In a cell
D) in the bottom right marginal

Question 8

Here is a crosstab with only the cell frequencies:
$\begin{array}{lcc} & \text { MALES } & \text { FEMALES } \\\text { Likes math } & 100 & 300 \\\text { Dislikes math } & 200 & \underline {\quad\quad}\\\end{array}$ If the crosstab showed no relationship between sex and liking of math, what number would go in the blank?

A) 0
B) 100
C) 200
D) 600

Question 9

Here is a crosstab with only the cell frequencies:
$\begin{array}{cc}&\text { MARRIED } & \text { UNMARRIED } \\\text { Happy }&400 & 100 \\\text { Unhappy }&200 & \underline {\quad\quad} \\\end{array}$ If the crosstab showed no relationship between marital status and happiness, what number would go in the blank?

A) 0
B) 50
C) 100
D) 200

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT a rule of crosstab building from the textbook?

A) the placement rule
B) the marginal rule
C) the percentage rule
D) the title rule

Question 11

If we were looking at the relationship between race and home ownership, what would be the best title for a crosstab looking at this relationship?

A) Home Ownership by Race
B) Race by Home Ownership
C) Home Ownership Crosstabulated with Race
D) Race and Home Ownership

Question 12

Using crosstabs, we show that the relationship between age and happiness is stronger among blacks than among whites. We have engaged in the process called:

A) delineation
B) specification
C) elaboration
D) interaction

Question 13

Which of the following is an example of elaboration?

A) Men are more likely to give up their seat than women.
B) Older people are less likely to give up their seat than younger people.
C) Gender and age affect the likelihood of giving up your seat.
D) Age's effect on giving up your seat depends on which sex you're examining.

Question 14

The histogram is a graphic version of what?

A) a crosstab
B) an elaborated crosstab
C) a frequency distribution
D) a grouped frequency distribution

Question 15

If one had data for thousands of respondents on a variable with thousands of values, all different from one another, which graph would be most appropriate to represent the distribution of this variable?

A) a stacked bar graph
B) a clustered bar graph
C) a histogram
D) a plotted pie graph

Question 16

Which bar graph's presentation of the data most resembles a crosstabulation's presentation of the data?

A) a clustered bar graph
B) a stacked bar graph
C) a tabular bar graph
D) a 3-D bar graph

Question 17

The most typical combination of variables in a population pyramid is:

A) a ratio-level variable and a dichotomy
B) a ratio-level variable and an ordinal-level variable
C) two dichotomies
D) two ratio-level variables

Question 18

A country is worried that, because of its low birthrate and high number of elderly people, its social security system will be stressed. What is a sign of this?

A) the population pyramid will be wider at the bottom (i.e. a regular, right-side-up pyramid).
B) the population pyramid will be wider at the top (i.e. an upside-down pyramid).
C) the population pyramid will be shaped like an hour glass.
D) the population pyramid will be shaped like a rectangle.

Question 19

The ideal value of the Lie Factor is:

A) 0
B) .5
C) 1
D) 10

Question 20

The Lie Factor for a graph is .25. Which statement is most correct?

A) The graph under-represents the change in the data by .75.
B) The graph under-represents the change in the data by a factor of 4.
C) The graph over-represents the change in the data by .25.
D) The graph over-represents the change in the data by a factor of 4.

Question 21

The Lie Factor for a graph is 4. Which state is most correct?

A) The graph under-represents the change in the data by .75.
B) The graph under-represents the change in the data by a factor of 4.
C) The graph over-represents the change in the data by .25.
D) The graph over-represents the change in the data by a factor of 4.

Question 22

Saperstein and Penner's article shows that:

A) racial classification is affected by social status
B) happiness is affected by employment status
C) happiness and health are related
D) support for marijuana legalization has increased in recent years

Question 23

What was the Lie Factor for the graph from Saperstein and Penner's article on racial classification?

A) Far below 1: the graph underestimated the change in the data
B) 1: the graph accurately reflected the change in the data
C) 1.4: the graph slightly exaggerated the change in the data
D) 6: the graph greatly exaggerated the change in the data

Question 24

In SPSS, when creating a crosstab, you want to put the independent variable in the ___________ box.

A) rows
B) columns
C) percentage
D) layers

Question 25

In SPSS, you create a simple crosstab. Then, you want to elaborate this crosstab. You go back into the crosstabs box and put a variable in the _____ box.

A) rows
B) columns
C) percentage
D) layers

Question 26

With regard to SPSS frequency distribution output, explain the difference between the "Percent" and the "Valid Percent" columns.

Question 27

You are creating a crosstab to investigate the relationship between the respondent's sex (in this case, male versus female) and whether or not the respondent voted in the 2016 presidential election. In order to make the worst crosstab as you can, describe how you would break all of the three crosstab rules described in the textbook.

Question 28

Describe what is wrong with the cells in the following crosstab and fix them:

Question 29

With regard to crosstabs, describe the process of elaboration.

Question 30

Your independent variable is race. Your dependent variable is support for the death penalty. Your elaboration variable is nativity (immigrant or non-immigrant). Rephrase all this as a hypothesis.

Question 31

Here is an elaborated crosstab without percentages, using GSS2008 data and the variable "favor or oppose the death penalty for murder" as the dependent variable:
Unelaborate this crosstab so that you are looking at the simple relationship between race and attitude toward the death penalty, and add percentages to your resulting crosstab.

Question 32

Describe a variable for which you would want to use a histogram rather than a bar graph in order to represent its distribution.

Question 33

Explain why the Lie Factor should ideally be equal to 1.

Question 34

In the mid 1990s, approximately 50 million Americans had cellphones. By the mid 2000s, approximately 250 million Americans had cellphones. In a bar graph, the mid 1990s bar is 1 inch tall, and the mid 2000s bar is 10 inches tall. Find the Lie Factor for this situation, and fully explain what your result means.

Question 35

Explain the root cause of the problem with the graph in the Saperstein and Penner article on racial classification.