Deck 10: Multi-Tasking

Question 1

Three main factors contribute to multi-tasking fluency. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A) automaticity
B) multiplicity of resources
C) confusion
D) recognition memory

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A task is said to be data limited when the performance-resource function is:

A) flat
B) decreasing
C) increasing
D) curved

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The variable plotted on the X axis of the performance resource function corresponds to:

A) the number of resources used
B) the degree of task similarity
C) the resources invested
D) task duration

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Trying hard to understand an unknown foreign language is an example of:

A) a data limited task
B) a resource limited task
C) resource allocation
D) separated auditory resources

Question 5

There are four dimensions of multiple resource theory. Which of the following is NOT one of these?

A) stages (perception vs response)
B) codes (verbal vs spatial)
C) memory (long term versus working)
D) visual channels (focal versus ambient)

Question 6

An example of two processes that use different resources in multiple resource theory of multi-tasking efficiency would be:

A) perception vs working memory
B) perception versus response selection
C) response selection versus response execution
D) all of the above pairs use different resources

Question 7

When we talk and listen at the same time we are using:

A) different resources
B) the same resources
C) both (a) and (b)
D) automaticity

Question 8

According to multiple resource theory presented in the chapter, detecting changes in the roadway environment will be most disrupted by:

A) talking
B) working memory rehearsal
C) steering
D) humming

Question 9

The success of steering while talking, when driving a car, is a function of the ____ dimension of the multiple resource model.

A) stages
B) codes
C) modalities
D) visual channels

Question 10

In the multiple resource model, the difference in resources between modalities is defined by:

A) vision vs tactile
B) vision vs auditory
C) auditory vs tactile
D) all of the above

Question 11

When a discrete auditory sound pulls attention away from a visual task like driving, this phenomenon produces evidence AGAINST the role of :

A) auditory preemption
B) multiple resources
C) automaticity
D) similarity-based confusion

Question 12

In a dual task driving situation, presenting navigational information redundantly in auditory and visual channels will usually provide a benefit to:

A) the speed of processing the navigational information
B) the accuracy of perceiving the navigational information
C) the effort required to process the information
D) the performance (lane keeping) of the driving task.

Question 13

The two visual channels in the multiple resource model will be useful:

A) for reading print while processing flow fields (e.g. walking)
B) for processing color and fine detail in parallel
C) for processing fast versus slow motion
D) for perceiving print versus pictures.

Question 14

Of the different factors influencing time sharing efficiency, which is most closely associated with executive control?

A) multiplicity of resources
B) effort
C) resource allocation
D) similarity-based confusion

Question 15

When cell phone conversation disrupts driving, we associate this most closely with the failure of:

A) effort and automaticity
B) differences in the resources demanded
C) similarity of task compatibility mappings
D) resource allocation

Question 16

Generally, switching between which kinds of tasks will take longer:

A) from a digit class to a letter class
B) from a letter class to a digit class
C) from a digit task based on one mapping rule to another
D) from one visual task to another

Question 17

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of human performance that can account for variability in multitask proficiency across task configurations and across people?

A) the time allocated to each task
B) the effort demands of a task
C) the strategies used in discrete task switching
D) the relative priority or emphasis given on one task or another

Question 18

A general finding is that _______ongoing tasks (OT) are more resistant to being interrupted:

A) visual
B) stable
C) procedural
D) auditory

Question 19

In the OT-IT-OT interruption management sequence, the fluency of return at switch 2 is better:

A) if there is a delay at Switch 1
B) if there is a delay at switch 2
C) if IT and OT are similar
D) all of the above are true

Question 20

Interruptions in an ongoing task are found to be least disruptive when:

A) they are similar to the ongoing task
B) they occur just before a subgoal completion
C) they occur just after a subgoal completion
D) all of the above factors minimize disruption

Question 21

Interruption management is closely related to which aspect of memory

A) event memory
B) prospective memory
C) recognition memory
D) long term working memory

Question 22

In interruption management, the resumption lag will be delayed by:

A) longer IT
B) a greater difference between the OT and IT
C) a greater delay at leaving the OT (at switch 1)
D) all of the above

Question 23

Pre-attentive alerting is a concept that most directly applies to:

A) OT placeholders
B) IT salience
C) The fluency of return
D) Difficulty of the resumption lag

Question 24

Which of the following are the four STOM (Strategic Task Overload Management) attributes that determine the attractiveness of a task, applied to both the OT and the AT?

A) priority, interest, salience, difficulty
B) priority, interest, duration, importance
C) salience, duration, difficulty, priority
D) interest, priority, salience, duration

Question 25

Interference with the task of driving a car has been found to result from:

A) differences in effort (resource) demand
B) inappropriate resource allocation
C) changes in multiple resource structure
D) all of the above

Question 26

Studies of overconfidence in the safety of one's driving find that such overconfidence is more prevalent with:

A) more engaging tasks
B) more difficult tasks
C) visual tasks
D) easier tasks

Question 27

A general finding is that cell phone use produces a slowing of driver RT to vehicle emergencies of about:

A) 0.20-0.50 sec
B) 0.50 - 1 sec
C) 1 - 2 sec
D) 2 - 5 sec

Question 28

The difference in interference with driving, between cell phone and passenger conversations is said to be due to:

A) differences in age of the typical driver in the two circumstances
B) the role of common ground
C) the use of hand held cell phones
D) the visual distraction caused by the passenger

Question 29

Cell phone interference with driving is _______ interference with radio listening

A) less than
B) more than
C) the same as
D) more than, only when the conversation is in a different language.

Question 30

``Because task switching may be a relevant predictor of individual differences, we now consider three aspects of that switching: how ___, how ___, and ___.''

A) fast, infrequent, why
B) slow, infrequent, why
C) fast, often, when
D) slow, often, when

Question 31

Regarding interference with driving, hands free cell phones:

A) interfere as much as texting
B) interfere as much has hand held phones
C) eliminate interference with driving
D) interfere less than hand held phones

Question 32

The effects of similarity and confusion on multiple task performance can be said to be a close cousin of:

A) the psychological refractory period
B) automaticity
C) the performance-resource function
D) the Stroop task

Question 33

The large difference in time sharing efficiency between novices and experts has been found to be related to:

A) the separation between multiple resources
B) the size of the perceptual-cognitive resource pool
C) the automaticity of component tasks
D) all of the above

Question 34

Differences in time sharing between novices and experts related to visual scanning would be attributable to differences in the ______ component of the SEEV model of scanning.

A) salience
B) effort
C) expectancy
D) vocal

Question 35

Bilingual children are found to have ________ than mono-lingual children.

A) more auditory resources
B) a larger pool of verbal (code) resources
C) greater automaticity of speaking their native language
D) higher levels of executive control

Question 36

Whole task training, relative to part task training is found to be more effective:

A) when both tasks are resource limited
B) when there are interacting parts
C) when the parts are difficult
D) when the tasks use different resources

Question 37

Concerning multi-tasking in the vehicle, in manual driving we can clearly define two ongoing primary tasks of equal high importance. What are they?

A) lane keeping and headway monitoring
B) maintaining a conversation on the phone while driving
C) hazard monitoring
D) a and c
E) b and c
F) a and b

Question 38

Which of the following is one of the tree components of the architecture of Multiple Resource Theory?

A) response selection
B) performance
C) capacity
D) multiplicity

Question 39

Outcome conflict is a phenomenon closely associated with which cause of multi-tasking interference:

A) multiplicity of resources
B) automaticity of tasks
C) task similarity and confusion
D) task resource (effort) demand

Question 40

As a separate resource, the tactile modality appears to behave most similarly to:

A) the auditory modality
B) the focal visual modality
C) the focal ambient modality
D) the olfactory (smell) modality

Question 41

Draw the performance-resource function. Label the X and Y axes. Show the change in the function resulting from practice on the task, a change that yields a data limited region of the function

Question 42

'What are the four dimensions of the multiple resource model, and what are the different levels on each dimension.

Question 43

Compare and contrast the effects predicted by multiple resource theory and by auditory pre-emption theory of comparing an auditory versus a visual display for delivering navigational information in a car.

Question 44

According to memory for goals theory of interruption management, what is the best time to provide an interruption of an ongoing task, and why is this best.

Question 45

What is the role of common ground in accounting for cell phone interference with driving?

Question 46

Provide an example of the role of task similarity (not resource similarity) in affecting multi-tasking performance.

Question 47

Briefly describe three forms of difference in the role of attention in multi-tasking that develop with experience and expertise

Question 48

Concerning switch 1 properties of the interrupting task, explain the importance of IT salience.

Question 49

What is the relation between time sharing skills and the distinction between part task and whole task training strategies, discussed in chapter 7?

Question 50

What are the three major components of the multiple resource architecture (as opposed to the four dimensions)? How are each of these relevant to driving interference with in-vehicle technology.

Question 51

Can time sharing be trained? If not, why not. If so what are five sources of evidence that it can be.

Question 52

Within the interruption management representation of the OT-IT-OT, describe briefly each of the five variables that are properties of switch 1 that influence switching. Briefly describe how each variable works.

Question 53

Describe the mechanisms of cell phone interference with driving. How, if it all, does the question of hands-free versus hand held phones influence this interference