Deck 2: Methods of Investigation

Question 1

What is Schaffer (1993) referring to in the following: ""a close emotional relationship between two persons, characterised by mutual affection and a desire to maintain proximity""?

A)An attachment
B)Human imprinting
C)Monotropy
D)The temperament hypothesis
E)Emotional development

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Which of the following is NOT a psychological explanation of why some children, but not others, are insecurely attached?

A)The child was maltreated at an early age
B)The mother lacked sensitivity to the infant
C)The child's temperament is the cause
D)The child experienced a significant separation from the main caregiver
E)They were born into a wealthy family

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Cross-cultural studies of attachment using the ""Strange Situation"" method have revealed that:

A)For Japanese children separation is a normal experience, hence they differ on this type
B)The attachment types are similar across the world
C)Only the avoidant type shows a similar pattern across the world
D)There is greater variation within cultures than there is between cultures
E)The method is a remarkably valid measuring tool

Answer 3

D

Question 4

A child who has never formed a close attachment with anyone is said to be in a state of:

A)Monotrophy
B)Deprivation
C)Anaclitic depression
D)Affectionless psychopathy
E)Privation

Question 5

What childhood condition is characterised by lack of trust, lack of a conscience, and an ignorance of the needs of others?

A)Protest-despair-detachment condition
B)Reactive attachment disorder
C)Maternal deprivation
D)Privation disorder
E)Moskovitz syndrome

Question 6

With which psychologist is the maternal deprivation hypothesis principally associated?

A)Bowlby
B)Lorenz
C)Jung
D)Bandura
E)Tizard

Question 7

Which of the following statements does NOT apply to the study of privation and institutional care by Hodges and Tizard?

A)At the age of 4 the children hadn't formed any attachments
B)The study was a natural experiment
C)Children who returned to their original homes were more likely to form close relationships with their parents
D)At age 16, all the children were less likely to have a special friend than 'normal' children
E)The findings suggest that some effects of privation can be reverse.

Question 8

The case study of Genie was carried out by:

A)Freud and Dann
B)Koluchova
C)Curtiss
D)Riley
E)Bowlby

Question 9

Which of the following was NOT used by Erel et al (2000) as a measure of a child's social development?

A)Social interaction with non-parental adults
B)Mother-child interaction
C)Social interaction with peers
D)Father-child interaction
E)Attachment behaviours

Question 10

Ainsworth and Bell's (1970) ""Strange Situation"" method for studying attachment has, according to Main and Solomon (1986), revealed four attachment types. Which one is NOT one of these?

A)Avoidant type
B)Secure type
C)Vigilant type
D)Resistant type
E)Disorganised type

Question 11

Which of the following is describes insecure-resistant attachment in the Strange Situation?

A)Distressed by the caregiver's absence, resists contact on return
B)Distressed by the caregiver's absence, seeks contact on return
C)Shows little distress on separation, resists contact on return
D)Shows little distress on separation, avoids contact on return
E)Shows little distress on separation, seeks contact on return

Question 12

According to learning theory what is the conditioned stimulus in the process of forming an attachment?

A)Food
B)Bell
C)Salivation
D)Sense of pleasure
E)Mother

Question 13

What was the main implication of Harlow's (1959) research on attachment in the rhesus monkey?

A)The monkeys raised by siblings were more social than monkeys raised by mothers
B)The monkeys preferred the mothers supplying food than those that offered contact comfort
C)The monkeys preferred mothers on the basis of physical similarity to themselves
D)The monkeys raised by passive mothers were less abusive to other monkeys as adults than those raised by interactive mothers
E)The monkeys preferred the mothers offering contact comfort rather than those that supplied food

Question 14

Hay and Vespo (1988) identify three ways in which children learn attachment. Which of the following is NOT one of them?

A)Positive reinforcement
B)Modelling
C)Direct instruction
D)Social facilitation
E)All of these

Question 15

According to Bowlby (1969), what is the internal working model of relationships?

A)A good early attachment helps the child to survive
B)A good early attachment will provide a template for all future relationships
C)A good early attachment teaches the child to become more independent
D)A bad early relationship increases the likelihood of adult anxiety
E)A bad early relationship will increase the tendency to be a bad caregiver to become transmitted genetically

Question 16

Bowlby's theory suggests that attachment is adaptive. What is the special importance of a behaviour being adaptive?

A)People who are attached live longer
B)It makes sure that the mother and baby are happy
C)It promotes survival
D)It can act as a secure base
E)All of the above

Question 17

According to Robertson and Bowlby (1952), which of the following is NOT one of the three stages in a child's response to separation?

A)Detachment
B)Protest
C)Despair
D)Dislike
E)All of these

Question 18

What term is used to suggest that imprinting takes place most easily early on in life but that it may still happen at any time?

A)Set period
B)Critical period
C)Hormonal period
D)Bonding period
E)Sensitive period

Question 19

What is the monotropy hypothesis (Bowlby, 1988)?

A)Infants have room for only one high quality attachment
B)Infants have a hierarchy of attachments
C)Infants have mutual attachments
D)Infants have many attachments
E)Infants form strong attachments only when the main caregiver is responsive to theird

Question 20

According to the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Study of Early Child Care (1997), which factor(s) were found to affect emotional adjustment?

A)Maternal sensitivity and responsiveness, irrespective of quality of care
B)Maternal sensitivity and responsiveness only
C)Maternal sensitivity and responsiveness, in addition to quality of care
D)Quality of care only
E)Consistency of care only