Deck 3: Short-Term Memory and Working Memory

Question 1

The case of H.M. influenced early models of memory because it ________.

A) showed that we could obtain useful information from clinical cases
B) confirmed the hypotheses by Lashley
C) promoted the search for the engram
D) demonstrated that distinct memory systems are present

Answer 1

D

Question 2

The critical difference between short-term memory and working memory is ________.

A) working memory is available only in humans, while short-term memory also in other mammals
B) the content can be manipulated in working memory, while content is simply maintained in short-term memory
C) working memory is labile, while short-term memory is more robust
D) working memory becomes available only after extensive training, while short-term memory is always available

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Scoville and Milner (1957) argued that the ________, which were ablated in H.M.'s surgery, were responsible for long-term memory.

A) Broca's and Wernicke's areas
B) parietal cortex and dorso-lateral frontal cortex
C) medial temporal lobe with the hippocampi
D) dorso-lateral frontal cortex and occipital cortex

Answer 3

C

Question 4

The impetus for Broadbent's model was provided by ________.

A) the observation that H.M. had lost written but not spoken language
B) the inconsistencies of Lashley's model
C) the neurological dissociation between long-term memory and short-term memory shown by H.M.
D) the observation that H.M. had lost short-term but not long-term memory

Question 5

In Broadbent's model, primary memory encompasses two subsystems: the S-system and the P-system. The S-system ________.

A) is pre-categorical
B) is post-categorical
C) consists of conscious thought
D) contains only visuo-spatial information

Question 6

In Broadbent's model, primary memory encompasses two subsystems: the S-System and the P-system. The P-System ________.

A) is pre-categorical
B) is post-categorical
C) is directly fed by the sensory systems
D) can be manipulated by the central executive

Question 7

Material in Broadbent's P-store is maintained in a speech-like code, as shown by the observation that ________.

A) short-term visuo-spatial memory was more limited than memory for words
B) recall of faces was poorer than recall of lists of words
C) recall of lists of items was poorer than recall of lists of words
D) memory for phonologically similar words was significantly worse than memory for phonologically different words, but that recall for semantically similar words was not different than recall for semantically different words

Question 8

Several experiments by Miller (1956) showed that humans are limited to processing about ________, plus or minus two.

A) two
B) three
C) seven
D) ten

Question 9

The Brown-Peterson paradigm, designed to determine the rate at which information decays from a short-term memory store, comprises three steps: ________.

A) a variable-length arithmetic task, a syllable presentation, syllable-recall task
B) syllable presentation, a variable-length arithmetic task, syllable-recall task
C) syllable presentation, a variable-length rest in darkness, syllable-recall task
D) a long-arithmetic task, a presentation os a list of syllable, syllable-recall task

Question 10

Atkinson and Shiffrin's dual-process model, includes ________ different types of memory stores.

A) three
B) two
C) four
D) five

Question 11

The Atkinson and Shiffrin's model predicts that delaying report and preventing rehearsal during that delay will impede the recency effect but not the primacy effect because ________.

A) material in long-term memory will be lost during the delay but material encoded into short-term memory will not be affected
B) of the so-called output artifact
C) material in short-term memory will be lost during the delay but material encoded into long-term memory will not be affected
D) the recency effect depends on the long-term memory systems

Question 12

One of the following memory tasks does not require working memory: ________.

A) performing arithmetic calculations
B) re-ordering items into alphabetical order
C) considering which of several sentence options conveys an idea most effectively
D) short-term storage

Question 13

Baddeley and Hitch (1974) argued that Atkinson and Shiffrin's model was incomplete, and that it was necessary to conceptualize STM as also involving an active working processor because ________.

A) some tasks are impaired less than predicted when performed together with others simpler tasks
B) the brain blood flow was increased more than accounted for by a simple storage task
C) subjects with elevated IQ performed better than those with low IQ in certain tasks
D) tasks involving mathematical calculations are consistently more demanding than those involving grammar

Question 14

The first version of Baddeley's multicomponent model (1974) consists of ________ components.

A) two
B) three
C) four
D) five

Question 15

The characteristics of the phonological loop were designed to account for four prominent experimental findings, including the word-length effect. This is best described as ________.

A) a decrement in recall for verbally presented words when the participant is given a concurrent task involving speech
B) a decrement in recall performance when words take longer to verbalize
C) the observation that long words are easier to recall because it is more likely that can be divided in easily recalled short ones
D) a decrement in recall performance when participants hear unrelated speech sounds when trying to learn a list of words

Question 16

In a typical mental-scanning paradigm experiment, participants memorize a map; the map is then removed from view and participants are asked to ________.

A) recall the names of the places on the map
B) recall how many colours were used on the map
C) suggest what is likely to be represented in the other contiguous maps
D) imagine moving from one location to another on the map

Question 17

The visuospatial sketchpad is a ________ memory store that retains both visual and spatial information in an isomorphic representation.

A) short-term
B) long-term
C) natural
D) episodic

Question 18

The central executive is a supervisory system that controls the flow of information into the various components of the working memory and is also required for tasks that require cognitive processes. These do not include ________.

A) decision making
B) searching for novel solutions to problems
C) rehearsal of material
D) mathematical calculations

Question 19

The n-back task is ________.

A) an experimental paradigm where participants are shown a string of information and, while each item is presented, must complete a task related to the item presented n items earlier
B) an experimental paradigm where participants are shown a string of information and, after each item is presented, must complete a task related to the item presented n items earlier
C) a test of the capacity of the visuo-spatial sketchpad in which a string of objects is presented multiple times and the subject has to recall the object presented n-times
D) a test of long-term memory in which n denotes the length in hours or days of the delay between presentation and test

Question 20

To accommodate a finding contradicting his early model, such as one that people can hold sentences consisting of even more than 15 words in working memory, Baddeley (2000) proposed a revision of the multicomponent model that included a fourth component called the ________.

A) episodic buffer
B) visuospatial sketchpad
C) phonological loop
D) central executive

Question 21

In the current version of the multicomponent model (2013), Baddeley connects the visuospatial sketchpad directly to the LTM because of an assumption that this would facilitate ________.

A) motor learning
B) academic learning
C) language learning
D) spatial learning

Question 22

The critical finding of Jacobsen's experiments (1936) was ________.

A) bilateral lesion of PFC did not impair recall in delayed response tasks, but they did when no delay was interposed
B) bilateral lesion of PFC impaired recall in delayed response tasks, but not recall without delay
C) bilateral lesion of occipital cortex impaired recall in delayed response tasks, but not recall without delay
D) bilateral lesion of medial temporal cortex impaired recall in delayed response tasks, but not recall without delay

Question 23

The early interpretation of Jacobsen's experiments (1936) was ________.

A) that poor performance in the delayed response task was not due to a problem with perception or movement but that the medial temporal lobe was responsible for "immediate memory"
B) because of the cortical lesions, the subjects had impaired attention
C) that poor performance in the delayed response task was due to a problem with perception or movement
D) that poor performance in the delayed-response task was not due to a problem with perception or movement but that the PFC was responsible for "immediate memory"

Question 24

Malmo (1942) replicated Jacobsen's procedure but turned the lights off during the trials at some point. When the room went dark during the ________, the monkeys ________.

A) training phase; were not able to identify the correct well
B) delay phase; were not able to identify the correct well
C) recall phase; were able to identify the correct well on about 85 per cent of trials
D) delay phase; were able to identify the correct well on about 85 per cent of trials

Question 25

The current interpretation of the combined data by Malmo (1942) and Jacobsen (1936) is that ________.

A) STM is localized to the PFC
B) STM is localized to the PFC but controlled by the occipital cortex
C) the PFC may mediate control of STM, but that STM was not localized in the PFC
D) STM is localized to the PFC but controlled by the medial temporal cortex

Question 26

Paulesu et al. (1993) found that Brodmann area ________ was linked to the phonological store.

A) 19 of the occipital cortex
B) 40 (BA 40) in the parietal lobe
C) 17 of the occipital cortex
D) 18 of the occipital cortex

Question 27

Paulesu et al. (1993) found that that ________ is linked to the articulatory loop.

A) Brodmann area 19 of the occipital cortex
B) Broca's area in the frontal lobe (BA 44 and BA 45)
C) 18 of the occipital cortex
D) 17 of the occipital cortex

Question 28

Smith et al. (1996) found that several areas in the right hemisphere were involved in the spatial memory task, including ________.

A) Broca's area in the frontal lobe (BA 44 and BA 45)
B) 17 of the occipital cortex
C) 18 of the occipital cortex
D) area 19 of the occipital cortex

Question 29

Working memory is different in that it does require attention, and because it requires attention it involves different regions of the brain than short-term memory. Attentional control is associated with ________.

A) the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), the inferior parietal cortex and the anterior cingulate
B) the medial temporal cortex
C) the occipital cortex
D) the ventrolateral prefrontal cortex (PFC), the superior parietal cortex and the posterior cingulate

Question 30

The Stroop task involves naming the colour of ink a coloured word is written in. The Stroop task is difficult when ________.

A) performed in a room decorated with many colours
B) the ink colour and the word are incongruent
C) many objects of different colours were shown to the subject immediately before the test
D) the ink colour and the word presented immediately before are incongruent

Question 31

What is Broadbent's model of memory? Draw a diagram of the model.

Question 32

What evidence is there that material in Broadbent's (1958) P-Store is maintained in a speech-like code?

Question 33

What is working memory? Provide three examples of working memory.

Question 34

What are the central executive, the phonological loop, and the visuospatial sketchpad? What is each responsible for?

Question 35

What is the episodic buffer and what does it do?

Question 36

What experimental evidence supports Baddeley's notion that the episodic buffer requires additional resources and operates independently of the phonological lop and the visuospatial sketchpad?

Question 37

What are the differences between the brain areas involved in short-term memory compared to working memory?

Question 38

How did the case of H.M. influence early and current models of memory?

Question 39

What did Jacobsen's experiments reveal about the brain and short-term memory?

Question 40

What is the modal model of memory and what does it reveal about memory?