Deck 5: Cognitive Development: Improvements in Thinking, Reasoning, and Decision Making

Question 1

Piaget's fourth stage of cognitive development,which extends from eleven or twelve years of age on,is:

A) concrete operational.
B) formal operational.
C) preoperational.
D) sensorimotor.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Karl sees the full moon at night and is sure that it must be lonely in the sky all alone.This is an example of preoperational thinking called:

A) centering.
B) animism.
C) seriation.
D) syncretism.

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Piaget's third stage of cognitive development,which extends from about seven to eleven or twelve years of age is:

A) concrete operational.
B) formal operational.
C) preoperational.
D) sensorimotor.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The approach to the study of cognition that examines the steps in the way adolescents receive,perceive,and remember things is:

A) Eriksonian.
B) Information Processing.
C) Piagetian.
D) Psychometric.

Question 5

Piaget's stage of cognitive development in which mental operations are abstract and hypothetical is:

A) concrete operational.
B) formal operational.
C) preoperational.
D) sensorimotor.

Question 6

Once when Sangeeta was playing video games she started to sneeze uncontrollably.She now thinks that video games cause her to sneeze,so she won't play them anymore.What kind of reasoning is she exhibiting?

A) Centering
B) Animism
C) Inductive
D) Transductive

Question 7

Piaget's stage of cognitive development in which operations are carried out in action,not mentally,is:

A) concrete operational.
B) formal operational.
C) preoperational.
D) sensorimotor.

Question 8

Piaget's first stage of cognitive development,which extends from birth to about two years of age,is:

A) concrete operational.
B) formal operational.
C) preoperational.
D) sensorimotor.

Question 9

The approach to the study of cognition that measures quantitative changes in adolescent intelligence is:

A) Eriksonian.
B) Information Processing.
C) Piagetian.
D) Psychometric.

Question 10

Jill's parents always take her to a restaurant on her birthday.This year she looked around and said,"Look at all the other people having birthdays." This best illustrates:

A) centering.
B) inductive reasoning.
C) seriation.
D) syncretism.

Question 11

Quinn is still working on learning how to move her own body and how she can affect the world around her.What Piagetian stage is she in?

A) Concrete operational
B) Formal operational
C) Preoperational
D) Sensorimotor

Question 12

All of the following are approaches to understanding cognition EXCEPT:

A) information-processing.
B) Piagetian.
C) psychoanalytic.
D) psychometric.

Question 13

During which of Piaget's stages does a child move from a body-centered world to an object-centered world?

A) Formal operational
B) Concrete operational
C) Sensorimotor
D) Preoperational

Question 14

All of the following are typical of Piaget's preoperational stage EXCEPT:

A) centering.
B) egocentrism.
C) seriation.
D) syncretism.

Question 15

Piaget's second stage of cognitive development,which extends from about two to about seven years of age,is:

A) concrete operational.
B) formal operational.
C) preoperational.
D) sensorimotor.

Question 16

The approach to the study of cognition that emphasizes the qualitative changes in adolescent thought is:

A) Eriksonian.
B) Information Processing.
C) Piagetian.
D) Psychometric.

Question 17

Inductive reasoning is:

A) proceeding from the particular to the general.
B) proceeding from the general to the particular.
C) proceeding from the particular to the particular.
D) proceeding from the general to the general.

Question 18

Cognition refers to the process of:

A) sensing.
B) developing .
C) creating.
D) knowing.

Question 19

Language is acquired during Piaget's ________ stage.

A) concrete operational
B) formal operational
C) preoperational
D) sensorimotor

Question 20

The type of reasoning that children do during Piaget's preoperational stage is:

A) deductive.
B) inductive.
C) reductive.
D) transductive.

Question 21

According to Piaget,the tendency of children to focus attention on one detail and be unable to shift their attention to other aspects of the situation is called:

A) centering.
B) egocentrism.
C) seriation.
D) animism.

Question 22

LeBron has a yo-yo that glows in the dark.Unlike his 3-year-old sister,LeBron knows perfectly well that when the yo-yo is glowing it's not suddenly a different object.This illustrates the concrete operation called:

A) associativity.
B) combinativity.
C) identity or nullifiability.
D) reversibility.

Question 23

Ben can line up a set of sticks in order from shortest to longest.This illustrates:

A) abstract thinking.
B) hierarchical classification.
C) understanding class inclusion relationships.
D) seriation.

Question 24

Cary knows that daughters can also be granddaughters at the same time.This best illustrates:

A) abstract thinking.
B) hierarchical classification.
C) understanding of class inclusion relationships.
D) seriation.

Question 25

Marwan understands that when a ball of clay is flattened into a pancake shape that there's still the same amount of clay.He says,"you could just bunch up the clay into a ball again-it's still the same thing." He is exhibiting:

A) conservation.
B) identity.
C) reversibility.
D) all of the above

Question 26

Alicia can sort figures into circles and squares and then into red and blue squares and red and blue circles.This illustrates:

A) transitive inference.
B) identity or nullifiability.
C) understanding class inclusion relationships.
D) seriation.

Question 27

All of the following can be performed by the concrete operational child EXCEPT:

A) associativity.
B) combinativity.
C) hypothetical-deductive thinking.
D) identity or nullifiability.

Question 28

Tasha feels fine about having her hair put in a braid,because if she doesn't like it she can just undo it and go back to her usual hair style.This illustrates:

A) conservation.
B) reversibility.
C) combinativity.
D) seriation.

Question 29

In order to make transitive inferences,a child must first be able to understand:

A) conservation.
B) seriation.
C) associativity.
D) identity.

Question 30

All of the following are typical of Piaget's concrete operational stage EXCEPT:

A) abstract thinking.
B) hierarchical classification.
C) understanding class inclusion relationships.
D) seriation.

Question 31

Four-year-old Gordon's mother tries to stop him from taking other kids' toys by asking him to imagine how upset the other kids feel.This strategy likely won't work well because of Gordon's:

A) centering.
B) seriation.
C) animism.
D) egocentrism.

Question 32

Four-year-old Jinni thinks that when she flattens out a ball of clay there is more than there was before because the clay is wider on the table.This is an example of:

A) centering.
B) egocentrism.
C) seriation.
D) syncretism.

Question 33

Which of the following preoperational stage phenomena best explains young children's tendency to think trees and flowers have thoughts and feelings?

A) Centering
B) Seriation
C) Animism
D) Egocentrism

Question 34

Piaget divided the stage of formal operations into how many substages?

A) 2
B) 3
C) 4
D) 5

Question 35

Diane understands that her collection of penguin toys can be added to her collection of owl toys to make a collection of bird toys.This illustrates the concrete operation called:

A) associativity.
B) combinativity.
C) identity or nullifiability.
D) transitive inference.

Question 36

Three-year-old Lee doesn't recognize her father when he arrives home without his beard.Even when he talks to her,she is sure that he isn't really her father.Lee is demonstrating the lack of:

A) reversibility.
B) identity.
B) nullafiability.
D) all of the above

Question 37

Nina is organizing her book collection into groups and subgroups.This best demonstrates:

A) hierarchical classification.
B) seriation.
C) class inclusion.
D) transitive inferences.

Question 38

Matt realizes that whether he pours his lemonade into a large cup or a medium one,the amount is still the same.This illustrates what Piaget calls:

A) associativity.
B) conservation.
C) hypothetical-deductive thinking.
D) seriation.

Question 39

Soon-Lee knows that her socks are smaller than her mother's socks and that her mother's socks are smaller than her father's socks,so that means her own socks are smaller than her father's socks.This shows that Soon-Lee understands:

A) transitive inference.
B) hierarchical classifications.
C) combinativity.
D) all of the above

Question 40

What tests did Piaget use to determine whether children had entered the concrete operations stage?

A) Conservation problems
B) Intelligence tests
C) The pendulum problems
D) Deductive reasoning tests

Question 41

Stuart keeps getting the multiple choice questions wrong because he overanalyzes them and makes them complex when they're actually quite simple.This illustrates the concept of:

A) pseudostupidity.
B) egocentrism.
C) the personal fable.
D) cognitive dialectics.

Question 42

What is the term for the tendency to approach problems at too complex a level and then fail at them when they're actually simple?

A) The personal fable
B) Cognitive dialectics
C) Pseudostupidity
D) Egocentrism

Question 43

Which of the following statements about formal operational thinking is FALSE?

A) It involves scientific reasoning.
B) Problem-solving is not exhaustive.
C) Thinking is flexible.
D) It involves systematic reasoning.

Question 44

According to Elkind,imaginary audience and personal fable are both aspects of adolescent:

A) daydreaming.
B) egocentrism.
C) hypocrisy.
D) pseudostupidity.

Question 45

Briana realizes that in order to figure out whether the length of a pendulum string or the weight on the end of it affects how fast the pendulum swings,she needs to vary string length and weight one at a time.This best illustrates:

A) transitive inference.
B) introspection.
C) hypothetico-deductive reasoning.
D) the personal fable.

Question 46

The adolescent feeling of uniqueness and invulnerability is known as:

A) the messianic complex.
B) the personal fable.
C) pseudostupidity.
D) the imaginary audience.

Question 47

Elkind believes that adolescent pseudostupidity results from their lack of:

A) creativity.
B) experience.
C) intelligence.
D) logical thinking.

Question 48

The adolescent's ability to think about their own thinking illustrates:

A) abstract thinking.
B) hypothetical reasoning.
C) introspection.
D) logical thinking.

Question 49

Chip is certain that everyone will notice the pimple on his cheek,so he doesn't want to go to school.Chip is experiencing:

A) the imaginary audience.
B) hypocrisy.
C) introspection.
D) pseudostupidity.

Question 50

Adolescents' newfound ability to compare what is to what could be often results in:

A) introspection.
B) idealism.
C) hypocrisy.
D) the imaginary audience.

Question 51

The adolescent's ability to systematically examine a problem by changing only one factor at a time is called:

A) abstract thinking.
B) hypothetico-deductive reasoning.
C) introspection.
D) logical thinking.

Question 52

Tyrone is committed to helping disadvantaged people because he feels that he will have a huge role in saving all these people from poverty.This best illustrates:

A) introspection.
B) the imaginary audience.
C) hypocrisy.
D) idealism.

Question 53

According to Elkind,young adolescents may seem to be hypocrites because they are:

A) likely to approach problems at too complex a level.
B) much too idealistic.
C) pressured to conform to society.
D) unable to relate general theory to specific practice.

Question 54

Yolanda wonders about her own thoughts and emotions.This illustrates:

A) introspection.
B) the imaginary audience.
C) idealism.
D) pseudostupidity.

Question 55

The belief that others are as concerned with your appearance and behavior as you are is called:

A) idealism.
B) the personal fable.
C) pseudostupidity.
D) the imaginary audience.

Question 56

The discrepancy between idealism and behavior is called:

A) hypocrisy.
B) introspection.
C) egocentrism.
D) idealism.

Question 57

Which of the following statements best illustrates the personal fable?

A) "I know that everyone is watching what I do."
B) "I'm so embarrassed about my new hair cut."
C) "I wonder what she thinks of me."
D) "Don't worry about my speeding-I'm a great driver."

Question 58

According to Piaget,formal operational thinking differs from the thinking of previous stages in that it involves all of the following EXCEPT:

A) abstract thinking.
B) hypothetical reasoning.
C) introspection.
D) transductive reasoning.

Question 59

Which of the following did recent research discover about the personal fable?

A) Adolescents who felt unique were unlikely to be depressed.
B) Adolescents who felt omnipotent were likely to feel suicidal.
C) Adolescents who felt invulnerable were likely to feel good about themselves.
D) all of the above

Question 60

Giselle can exhibit formal operational thinking in some situations,but not in others.Piaget would likely classify her in what stage?

A) Concrete operations
B) III-A
C) III-B
D) Problem-finding

Question 61

The third step in information processing is:

A) selection.
B) interpretation.
C) memory.
D) inference.

Question 62

Information that is being focused on in the conscious mind is in which memory?

A) Echoic
B) Long-term
C) Short-term
D) Iconic

Question 63

Iconic and echoic memories are both types of ________ memory.

A) sensory
B) long-term
C) immediate
D) short-term

Question 64

Which approach to cognition examines the steps in selecting,interpreting,and reasoning about information?

A) Information-processing
B) Piagetian
C) Psychoanalytic
D) Psychometric

Question 65

All of the following are step in information processing EXCEPT:

A) interpretation.
B) selection.
C) inference.
D) metacognition.

Question 66

Which of the following statements about memory is FALSE?

A) Long-term memory is characterized by how long information has been held.
B) Rehearsal helps keep information in short-term memory.
C) Adolescents' short-term memory is better than children's.
D) Long-term memory has to do with depth of processing.

Question 67

How fast the brain perceives and uses information is termed:

A) cognitive fluidity.
B) memory span.
C) processing speed.
D) confirmation speed.

Question 68

The sound of dogs barking is first held in ________ storage.

A) echoic
B) iconic
C) long-term
D) short-term

Question 69

Which of the following is NOT a criticism of Piaget's theory?

A) Cultural plays a large role in the attainment of formal operational thought.
B) Young children are less cognitively advanced than he believed.
C) There may be a stage or quality of thinking beyond formal operations.
D) Some adolescents and adults never reach the formal operational stage.

Question 70

The sight of a maple tree is first held in ________ storage.

A) echoic
B) iconic
C) long-term
D) short-term

Question 71

Thinking about one's own thoughts is called:

A) egocentrism.
B) metacognition.
C) the imaginary audience.
D) idealism.

Question 72

According to the three-stage model of memory,information is held for only a fraction of a second in:

A) intermediate storage.
B) long-term storage.
C) sensory storage.
D) short-term storage.

Question 73

Compared to young adults,adolescents:

A) take longer to retrieve information from memory.
B) are less efficient at deep processing.
C) are more likely to use effective memory strategies.
D) all of the above

Question 74

Barney and Fred both hear the same loud noise.Barney thinks it's thunder whereas Fred thinks it's a dinosaur.Their different reactions are based on different:

A) memories.
B) interpretations.
C) retrieving.
D) selection.

Question 75

In the selection step of information processing,what is selected?

A) Interpretations
B) Possible solutions to problems
C) Short-term or long-term memory
D) Stimuli

Question 76

All of the following are parts of the three-stage model of memory EXCEPT:

A) immediate storage.
B) long-term storage.
C) sensory storage.
D) short-term storage.

Question 77

Adolescents' increased processing speed is likely linked to neurons in the brain becoming:

A) larger and heavier.
B) responsive to increases in pubertal hormones.
C) covered with an insulating fatty material.
D) dependent on a greater variety of neurotransmitters.

Question 78

Which of the following is NOT a difference between Piaget's theory and current views of cognitive development?

A) Piaget's theory is stage theory, but most contemporary theories are not.
B) Contemporary theorists, unlike Piaget, believe that cognition is domain-specific.
C) Unlike contemporary theorists, Piaget focused on a micro-level of analysis.
D) all of the above

Question 79

Stages are to __________ development as gradual change is to __________ development.

A) macrolevel; microlevel
B) continuous; discontinuous
C) discontinuous; continuous
D) microlevel; macrolevel

Question 80

Which form of thinking includes the ability to integrate conflicting pieces of information and to realize that many aspects of life are interconnected?

A) Formal operational
B) Hypothetico-deductive
C) Dialectic
D) Transitive