Deck 15: Analyzing Qualitative Data

Question 1

What is the process by which a qualitative analyst interacts with the data and gradually refines his or her focus?

A) deductive analysis
B) progressive focusing
C) narrative analysis
D) retrospective focusing

Answer 1

B

Question 2

According to Miller and Crabtree (1999), when the researcher is reading the text and "leads the dance," or, in other words, is focusing on how her own orientation shapes her interpretations, she is reading the text ______.

A) literally
B) interpretively
C) reflexively
D) critically

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which is NOT a purpose of reflexivity during qualitative data analysis?

A) to show the readers that the researcher has interacted with the irb prior to conducting the research
B) to describe the natural history of the development of evidence and findings
C) to enable others to evaluate the findings better
D) to provide an honest and informative account about how the researcher interacted with subjects in the field

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Reflexivity is especially important when analyzing which type of data?

A) objective
B) retrospective
C) prospective
D) subjective

Question 5

If you are conducting qualitative research and encounter problems in the field, by detailing the problems you encountered and how you resolved, or tried to resolve, them, you would be engaging in which of the following?

A) progressive focusing
B) reflexivity
C) deductive reasoning
D) inductive reasoning

Question 6

What do you call the analysis of a culture, or cultures, by immersing oneself in the group for a long period of time?

A) ethnomethodology
B) ethnography
C) comparative analysis
D) conversation analysis

Question 7

If you are conducting a study that aims to answer the question, "How does this group of people construct the social world in which they live?" you would use which qualitative analysis?

A) ethomethodology
B) ethnography
C) comparative analysis
D) narrative analysis

Question 8

Which qualitiative analysis is typified by "just being there" and "telling it how it is"?

A) comparative analysis
B) case-oriented understanding
C) ethnography
D) narrative analysis

Question 9

Rather than just describing the social world, which type of analysis focuses on how the subjects create their social reality?

A) ethnography
B) conversation analysis
C) case-oriented analysis
D) ethnomethodoly

Question 10

When collecting data for ethnographic analysis, the technique of data collection relies on ______.

A) content analysis
B) structured interviews
C) participant Observation

Question 11

The purpose of ethnographic anlaysis is for the researcher to "tell it how it is" from the perspective of ______.

A) the researcher
B) the participant

Question 12

Which of the following is NOT a premise of conversation analysis?

A) Interaction is sequentially organized, and talk can be analyzed in terms of the process of social interaction rather than in terms of motives or social status.
B) It displays the goals and intentions of human actors; it makes individuals, cultures, societies, and historical epochs comprehensible as wholes.
C) Talk, as a process of social interaction, is contextually oriented; it both is shaped by interaction and creates the social context of that interaction.
D) These processes are involved in all social interaction, so no interactive details are irrelevant to understanding it.

Question 13

When coding during a narrative analysis, you typically focus on which of the following?

A) the transcription as a whole
B) moment-by-moment interactions within the transcript
C) each transcribed paragraph as a unit

Question 14

What type of qualitative analysis displays the goals and intentions of human actors and makes individuals, cultures, societies, and historical epochs comprehensible as wholes?

A) conversation analysis
B) ethnography
C) ethnomethodology
D) narrative analysis

Question 15

Which type of analysis was developed from ethnomethodology and focuses on how the sequence and details of spoken interaction form the construction of reality?

A) ethnography
B) narrative analsysis
C) conversation analysis
D) case-oriented analysis

Question 16

If you are trying to understand and preserve the integrity of personal biographies or a series of events that cannot be understood in terms of discrete elements, then you would rely on which type of analysis?

A) narrative analysis
B) conversation analysis
C) ethnomethodology
D) ethnography

Question 17

When coding during a conversation analysis, you typically focus on ______.

A) the transcription as a whole
B) moment-by-moment interactions within the transcript
C) each transcribed paragraph as a unit

Question 18

What kind of analysis focuses on the squence and detail of a spoken exchange and how that exchange constructs reality?

A) ethnomethodology
B) narrative analysis
C) conversation analysis
D) case-oriented analysis

Question 19

Grounded theory relies on which type of data analysis?

A) inductive
B) deductive

Question 20

Which is NOT a goal of grounded theory?

A) to support a preexisting theory found in the literature
B) to develop general concepts that are formed right from the text
C) to suggest plausible relationships among data-created concepts
D) to develop a theory that is based inductively in the data

Question 21

To add validity to grounded theory, researchers should do which of the following?

A) base their theory on already developed theories
B) use deductive analysis techniques
C) attempt to find and explain evidence that goes against their grounded theory

Question 22

The goal of many qualitative researchers is to ______.

A) create grounded theory
B) develop numerical graphs based on their data
C) answer yes or no research questions
D) use their preconceived ideas to prove their point

Question 23

At what stage of the research process does grounded theory NOT occur?

A) before data collection
B) during data collection
C) after data collection

Question 24

Most of the "meaning making" that occurs during grounded theory data analysis comes from ______.

A) the researcher
B) the participants
C) qualitative data analysis software

Question 25

Grounded theory is characterized by its nature of ______.

A) continuity and interaction with the data
B) predetermined theoretical testing
C) deductive analytical strategy
D) researcher-led conceptual creation

Question 26

When using grounded theory, it is important to do what during data collection?

A) outline the elements you are looking for and not stray from these ideas
B) continually test and refine concepts
C) avoid finding evidence that is in contrast to your preliminary findings
D) focus only on one concept at a time

Question 27

Which is NOT a qualitative data analysis software?

A) QSR NVivo
B) ATLAS.ti
C) HyperRESEARCH
D) SPSS

Question 28

Which of the following is NOT true about computer-assisted qualitative coding?

A) You can revise codes as you go along.
B) You can assign multiple codes to one text segment.
C) You can only assign one code to each portion of text.
D) You can link your own comments (called memos) to text segments to assist with data analysis.

Question 29

What is the term for research material that is imported directly into NVivo?

A) externals
B) internals
C) sources
D) data documents

Question 30

To assist with analysis, researchers can perform this type of action using computer data analysis software to pull up all text that was coded within a particular category.

A) sources
B) memos
C) queries
D) transcripts

Question 31

What function in NVivo would you perform if you wanted to know how a specific code was dispersed among males and females?

A) query
B) matrix coding query
C) memo
D) multi-media analysis

Question 32

Which is NOT a benefit of computer-assisted qualitative data analysis?

A) ability to test different hypotheses
B) flexibility to experiment with different codes
C) facilitating the creation of visual representations of textual data
D) having the software understand the text and create a theoretical model automatically

Question 33

While coding in computer-assisted qualitative analysis software, when you have a thought about how a node relates to another node, an emerging theoretical idea, or a case that is in contrast to your evolving theory you should create a(n) ______.

A) word cloud
B) external source
C) query
D) memo

Question 34

What is one way that researchers can refine concepts that emerge from grounded theory?

A) check the frequency and distribution of the data-led concept
B) only look at confirming cases
C) compare them to already existing theories
D) predict what will happen before testing it against additional observations

Question 35

Which is NOT an ethical way to approach research with indigenous groups?

A) Seek approval from governmental sources who have jurisdiction over the group of interest.
B) Collaborate with an indigenous researcher.
C) Seek collective approval from the indigenous group to be admitted into their cultural space.
D) Allow participants to review all research products before publication.

Question 36

In the case of studying indigenous groups and cultures, the primary ethical commitment is to ______.

A) the welfare of the community as a whole and the preservation of the culture
B) the rights of the individual
C) presenting results that the researcher agrees with
D) collecting data as quick as possible as to not intrude on the group

Question 37

When do you begin grounded theory?

A) during data analysis
B) at the start of data collection
C) writing up the discussion portion of the research
D) reading previous literature

Question 38

What is one type of qualitative data that raises special ethical concerns?

A) de-identified text
B) sound clips with voiceovers
C) photographs of the research setting with individuals in the background
D) coded newspaper articles

Question 39

At what stage should a researcher consider the harm that could occur during a research project?

A) when writing the research proposal
B) when disseminating the results of the project
C) during data analysis
D) at all points of the research from idea conception to disseminating results

Question 40

Research participants should be told that if they feel that the research results or findings are ethically problematic, they should ______.

A) warn their friends to not participate
B) speak up to the researcher
C) not to worry about it, the researcher is the expert
D) demand a monetary reward

Question 41

Qualitative data analysis is an iterative and reflexive process that begins as data are being collected rather than after data collection has ceased.

Question 42

If a researcher adjusts the data-collection process when it appears that additional concepts or relationships need to be explored and investigated, this is called progressive focusing.

Question 43

By reporting how or why a researcher did what they did during their analysis, in other words, being reflexive, it conveys to others that the researcher's own biases did not influence the conclusions.

Question 44

Reflexivity is important to discuss in qualitative analysis because of the fixed and predictable nature of field research.

Question 45

It is most important for researchers to be reflexive while collecting their data and is less important when analyzing the data.

Question 46

Ethnomethodologists believe in an objective reality.

Question 47

In order to conduct a proper ethnomethodology, researchers need to maintain a distance from the world they are studying.

Question 48

Ethnographers are considered more constructivist, while ethnomethodologists are considered more naturalist in their analyses.

Question 49

Ethnomethodologists seek to objectively describe the social world that they are studying as the participants see it.

Question 50

Narrative analysis focuses on the "story itself" while a conversation analysis focuses on moment by moment exchanges.

Question 51

Conversation analysis focuses on how respondents impose order on the flow of their experiences and how they make sense of the events and actions that they have participated in.

Question 52

Narrative analysis attempts to understand a life as it unfolded or a series of events as they unfolded, in a meaningful progression.

Question 53

Creating grounded theory is an ongoing process throughout data analysis.

Question 54

Researchers who are using grounded theory should check their models carefully against their notes and make an effort to see if there is negative evidence that goes against their proposed model.

Question 55

Computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software essentially "thinks for you" by working through the narrative and pictorial data automatically.

Question 56

You can "autocode" data using computer-assisted qualitative data analysis if you identify key words or phrases that should all receive the same code.

Question 57

When using computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software, you can code data at various categorical and subcategorical levels.

Question 58

The need to minimize harm for research participants no longer requires attention after the data collection phase has concluded.

Question 59

Not only do you need to protect the identities of research participants from outside readers, but you also must protect them from being identified by other research participants.

Question 60

When considering the integrity and quality of the research, visual images that demean individuals or groups should not be included in publications.

Question 61

When you are beginning a qualitative data analysis that utilizes a progressive focusing technique, there are guidelines to follow to improve the chances of a successful analysis. These are outlined in your textbook. Name four of the eight guidelines mentioned in your book.

Question 62

What are 2 reasons it is important to engage in reflexivity during qualitative data analysis? Why are these reasons important?

Question 63

You are a qualitative researcher studying the social world of undergraduate students on a college campus. You have been observing a freshman seminar for 8 months. During these 8 months, you notice that most students believe that the tests are extremely hard and unreasonable. Discuss one ethnongraphic analysis of this observation and one ethnomethodological analysis of this observation.

Question 64

You are conducting a research project that calls for both a narrative analysis and a conversation analysis. Name one research question that could be answered by each of these analyses.

Question 65

What is the developmental process of grounded theory?

Question 66

How does computer-assisted qualitative data analysis parallel traditional data analysis?

Question 67

Describe how computer-assisted qualitative data analysis can be an essential tool when conducting a grounded theory research project.

Question 68

Some research studies may be related to sensitive and emotionally charged topics. Who are some individuals who may be negatively influenced by this and how can you help mitigate these concerns?

Question 69

According to your textbook, when considering what to do when you see harmful or illegal behavior being conducted by research participants, what are some considerations when deciding whether to report such behavior in the final paper.

Question 70

Consider the ethical issue of privacy, confidentiality, and anonymity in conducting qualitative analysis for a sensitive topic, such as crime involvement. What are some ways to protect the identities of your research participants?

Question 71

Describe the purpose of ethnomethodological and ethnographic research analysis. Make sure to discuss the differences between these two techniques, as well as any comparisons.

Question 72

Narrative analysis (NA) and conversation analysis (CA) are both types of qualitative analysis. Compare and contrast these two techniques. Give an example of a situation in which you would want to use narrative analysis and an example of a situation in which conversation analysis would be better suited.

Question 73

Grounded theory is a process used during qualitative data analysis. What are the strengths of this approach? What are the weaknesses? Provide an example of how a grounded theory evolves throughout data collection.

Question 74

What are the benefits of using a qualitative data analysis computer software? How can this enhance your analysis?

Question 75

What are the five realms of ethical issues researchers should consider when conducting qualitative data analysis? What are some of the questions that can be found under each of these realms? How can a researcher work to avoid ethical problems in each realm?