Deck 11: Social Network Analysis, Crime Mapping, and Big Data

Question 1

All of the following are accurate statements from Rosenfeld, Bray, and Egley's study of gang and nongang homicides EXCEPT _which of the following?

A) Unlike nongang homicides, gang homicides were concentrated in disadvantaged areas.
B) Gang and nongang homicides were concentrated in disadvantaged areas.
C) Unlike gang homicides, nongang homicides were concentrated in affluent areas.
D) Gang and nongang homicides were concentrated in affluent areas.

Answer 1

B

Question 2

With the use of ______, Shaw and McKay (1942) were able to relate incidents of juvenile delinquency to specific Chicago communities.

A) historical events research
B) comparative methods
C) controlled comparison
D) crime mapping

Answer 2

D

Question 3

Illuminating the geospatial relationship between some category of crime and corresponding characteristics such as poverty and disorganization across given locations is the purpose of ______.

A) narrative analysis
B) crime mapping
C) controlled comparison
D) content analysis

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Geographic information system is used in which type of analysis?

A) crime mapping
B) transnational research
C) content analysis
D) descriptive comparative research

Question 5

Hot spots refer to which of the following?

A) how fire spreads in arsons
B) seasonal fluctuations in temperature
C) areas in which crime is more likely to occur
D) electronic items that are more likely to be stolen

Question 6

How is risk-terrain modeling different than crime mapping?

A) Risk-terrain modeling involves data from a single source.
B) Risk-terrain modeling is qualitative in design.
C) Risk-terrain modeling takes into account features of the environment that encourage crime.
D) Risk-terrain modeling does not involve big data.

Question 7

Big data means ______.

A) a very large dataset
B) important findings in the field of criminology
C) data that were expensive to collect
D) a triangulated research project

Question 8

Which of the following concepts refers to an approach to analysis to describe and explore relationships both individuals and groups have with each other?

A) time series analysis
B) social network analysis
C) crime mapping
D) all of these

Question 9

Which of the following is a type of relationship that can be considered a social network?

A) face-to-face
B) online
C) ecomonic transaction
D) all of these

Question 10

Which of the following concepts refers to the type of data that measures the nature of the contacts, connections, attachments, and ties that one unit has to the next?

A) historical data
B) organizational data
C) relational data
D) none of these

Question 11

A ______ is a graphical way representing social configurations.

A) frequency distribution
B) histogram
C) parallelogram
D) sociogram

Question 12

Which of the following concepts represents the basic units in a sociogram?

A) nodes
B) actors
C) vertices
D) all of these

Question 13

Which of the following concepts refers to how the nodes are connected in a sociogram?

A) ties
B) links
C) arcs
D) all of these

Question 14

A ______ is where all of the units of observation are stored for a social network analysis.

A) nodelist
B) arclist
C) linklist
D) none of these

Question 15

A network matrix is also referred to as a ______.

A) node
B) binary network
C) adjacency matrix
D) none of these

Question 16

A ______ network distinguishes whether a relation does or does not exist between a pair of nodes.

A) primary
B) binary
C) secondary
D) interactive

Question 17

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding a conclusion that could be drawn from Krebs (2001) social network analysis research regarding who was the likely leader of the cell?

A) Mohamed Atta was the likely leader of the cell.
B) Majed Moqed was likely the leader of the cell.
C) Mamduh Mahmud Salim was likely the leader of the cell.
D) Raed Hijazi was likely the leader of the cell.

Question 18

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding a conclusion that could be drawn from Krebs (2001) social network analysis research regarding minimizing damage to the network?

A) keeping cell members close to each other and distant from other cells minimizes damage to the network is a cell member is captured or compromised
B) keeping cell members distant from each other and close to other cells minimizes damage to the network is a cell member is captured or compromised
C) keeping cell members distant from each other and distant from other cells minimizes damage to the network is a cell member is captured or compromised
D) none of these

Question 19

Which of the following is an accurate statement regarding a conclusion that could be drawn from Krebs (2001) social network analysis research regarding identifying illegal networks?

A) map superego networks
B) map ego networks
C) map geographical communalities
D) all of these

Question 20

Bichler et al. (2017) collected data about which serial killer for their social network analysis?

A) Ted Bundy
B) Greg Ridgeway
C) Alberto De Salvo
D) Jack the Ripper

Question 21

The serial killer examined in Bichler et al.'s (2017) is also known as ______.

A) the Boston Strangler
B) the Green River Killer
C) The Long Island Killer
D) Jack the Ripper

Question 22

The ______ is a statistic that measures the extent to which nodes connect to other nodes that are not directly linked to each other in a social network analysis.

A) withinness centrality score
B) withinness peripheral score
C) betweenness centrality score
D) withinness peripheral score

Question 23

Crime mapping has been described as a process of using a ______ information system to conduct special analysis of crime problems and other police-related issues.

A) geographic
B) financial
C) social media
D) none of these

Question 24

Which term represents something that geographical mapping strategies attempt to analyze?

A) location
B) distance
C) patterns
D) all of these

Question 25

In which decade did geographic information systems begin to emerge as a software tool for crime mapping?

A) 1970s
B) 1980s
C) 1990s
D) 2000s

Question 26

______ are geographic locations within jurisdictions where crimes cluster.

A) Cold spots
B) Hot spots
C) Sweet spots
D) none of these

Question 27

Hots spots can be found in what type of area?

A) specific addresses
B) blocks
C) clusters of blocks
D) all of these

Question 28

On a crime map, a ______ is a symbol that points to specific places where crime is likely to occur.

A) dot
B) crime site
C) crime gradient
D) none of these

Question 29

On a crime map, a ______ is a symbol that indicates where crime is likley to occur with a particular specified area.

A) dot
B) crime site
C) crime gradient
D) none of these

Question 30

On a crime map, a ______ is a symbol that indicates that the probability of crime is most likely inside the area and decreases as you move toward the edge of the area.

A) dot
B) crime site
C) crime gradient
D) none of these

Question 31

How many cases are in a big data set?

A) 1
B) 10-50
C) 50-100
D) >1000

Question 32

______ are frequency graphs of all words printed in more than one third of the world's book over time?

A) Ggrams
B) Bgrams
C) Ngrams
D) Mgrams

Question 33

Which company has a database that houses all words printed in more than one third of the world's book over time?

A) Facebook
B) Google
C) Twitter
D) Wikipedia

Question 34

______ have been credited with pioneering a new way to forecast crime using big data.

A) Caplan and Kennedy
B) Felson and Kennedy
C) Caplan and Felson
D) none of these

Question 35

______ modeling predicts the probability of crime occurring in the future using underlying factors of the environment that are associated with crime.

A) Heirarchical
B) Risk-terrain
C) Linear
D) Quadratic

Question 36

The key distinguishing feature betweeen ______ and ______ is that the latter takes into account features of the area that enable criminal behavior.

A) crime mapping; time series analysis
B) crime mapping; social network analysis
C) risk-terrain modeling; social network analysis
D) crime mapping; risk-terrain modeling

Question 37

Which of the following is an ethical issue with analysis using big data?

A) subject confidentiality
B) researcher role
C) low response rate
D) all of these

Question 38

______ policing refers to the strategy of using data, analysis, and criminal theory to guide police allocation and decision making.

A) Reactive
B) Zero tolerance
C) Intelligence-led
D) none of these

Question 39

The movie ______ focused on a world where people are arrested for criminal acts that they are predicted to do, not that they have actually committed.

A) The Matrix
B) The Minority Report
C) Total Recall
D) none of these

Question 40

Facebook users upload more than ______ photos every hour.

A) 1 million
B) 10 million
C) 100 milllion
D) 500 million

Question 41

Crime mapping was rejected by law enforcement agencies as being an invalid means of studying crime.

Question 42

Crime mapping can be used to test criminological theory.

Question 43

Risk-terrain modeling is a type of social network analysis.

Question 44

Social network analysis has been on a decline in terms of its use since the Internet and the emergence of social media platforms.

Question 45

Relational data measure the contacts, connections, attachments, and ties that related one unit to the next.

Question 46

Face-to-face, online and digital, economic transactions, interaction with a criminal justice agency, geopolitical relations among nation states are example of social networks.

Question 47

Relational data are properties of a specific unit (e.g., individual, group, city).

Question 48

Jacob Mereno used a sociometric test, which required individuals to choose their associates from a group in which they were a member, and requested that they label their associates as either "attractions" and "repulsions."

Question 49

In a social network analysis, relations are sometimes called actors or vertices.

Question 50

In a social network analysis, nodes are sometimes called ties, links, arcs, or edges.

Question 51

The Wire, The District, and CSI have used crime mapping in their shows.

Question 52

Crime mapping for intelligence-led policing has been in existence since the 1950s.

Question 53

Crime mapping is currently being used by the majority of urban law enforcement agencies.

Question 54

Hot spots can be specific addresses, blocks, or even clusters of blocks.

Question 55

Zero tolerance policing involves using data, analysis, and criminal theory to guide police allocation and decision making.

Question 56

Big data is simply defined as a dataset with more than 100 cases.

Question 57

Big data analyses are being used to predict the spread of flu, the behavior of consumers, and the prevalence of crime.

Question 58

Risk-terrain modeling is essentially special risk analysis in a more sophisticated form than the early maps of the Chicago school.

Question 59

Subject confidentiality is not a key concern when original records are analyzed with either secondary data or big data.

Question 60

List a research question where crime mapping would be appropriate.

Question 61

List a research question that might involve big data.

Question 62

List a research question that might involve social network analysis.

Question 63

Identify several categories of data that Bichler et al. (2017) included in their serial killer analysis.

Question 64

Define a sociogram.

Question 65

Define risk-terrain modeling.

Question 66

What is the dependent variable in risk-terrain modeling?

Question 67

What were the two dependent variables in Stansfeld and Williams (2014) family violence big data project?

Question 68

List several ethical issues using big data.

Question 69

What information did staff at The New York Times identify from an analysis of a de-identified big data set was released by AOL in 2006?

Question 70

Discuss the three main functions of crime mapping.

Question 71

Discuss why crime theory is useful for crime mapping.

Question 72

The National Institute of Justice published a document with a crime map displaying some common symbols used by crime analysts (Eck et al., 2005). List these commonly used symbols and explain their meaning.

Question 73

Summarize the main findings from Stansfield and Williams (2014) big data project examining family violence.

Question 74

Summarize the main findings from Krebs (2001) social network analysis of the terrorist network of the individuals involved in the September, 11, 2001, attack.