Deck 1: The Language of Statistics

Question 1

A single value collected in the context of research is a ______, whereas multiple values collected in the context of research are ______ .

A) parameter, statistic
B) data, datum
C) statistic, parameter
D) datum, data

Answer 1

D

Question 2

A collection of data with different values based upon their source is a ______.

A) statistic
B) variable
C) population
D) parameter

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Which of the following would be considered quantitative data?

A) 1st, 3rd, 2nd, 4th
B) yes, no, no, yes
C) 5000, 7000, 9000, 3000
D) all of these

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Which of the following would be considered quantitative data?

A) 1st, 3rd, 2nd, 4th
B) yes, no, no, yes
C) 5000, 7000, 9000, 3000
D) all of these

Question 5

Which of the following would be considered qualitative data?

A) 0.1, 2.5, 3.6, 0.8
B) blue, green, red, purple
C) 34, 8, 15, 12
D) all of these

Question 6

Which of the following could be a variable?

A) height
B) annual salary
C) attitude
D) all of these

Question 7

Which of the following would most likely be considered nominal data?

A) age
B) height
C) salary
D) gender

Question 8

Nominal data would be considered dichotomous when ______.

A) labels have an order
B) the data are quantitative
C) the data have only two possible values
D) the data are ranked

Question 9

Which of the following would be considered ordinal data (but not interval data)?

A) ranked product preferences
B) favourite colour
C) sales in euros
D) all of these

Question 10

Interval data ______.

A) are quantitative
B) have meaningful distances between values
C) have all the properties of ordinal data
D) all of these

Question 11

The difference between interval and ratio data is ______.

A) ratio data have a meaningful zero whereas interval data do not
B) ratio data are qualitative whereas interval data are quantitative
C) ratio data are dichotomous whereas interval data are not
D) There is no difference between interval and ratio data.

Question 12

If "10" in a variable is twice as many as "5" in that variable, what is that variable's scale of measurement?

A) interval
B) ratio
C) nominal
D) ordinal

Question 13

A common type of numerically-scored survey item is a ______.

A) ratio scale
B) Likert-type scale
C) Pearson-type scale
D) discrete scale

Question 14

Which of the following would be an example of continuous data?

A) degrees Celsius
B) number of applicants
C) favourite colour
D) gender

Question 15

Data that cannot be divided beyond a certain point would be considered ______.

A) discrete
B) continuous
C) quantitative
D) dichotomous

Question 16

A ______ is a theoretical group that you want to draw conclusions about.

A) sample
B) subject
C) population
D) dataset

Question 17

Why do we examine samples rather than populations?

A) because populations cannot generally be measured
B) because populations provide only qualitative data
C) because samples are more accurate
D) because samples include all subjects of interest

Question 18

A construct is ______.

A) a characteristic or property of interest in a population
B) a measurement of how well characteristics of a sample represent characteristics of a population
C) a group gathered at random from a population
D) none of these

Question 19

A relationship between constructs can be considered a ______.

A) operational definition
B) theory
C) hypothesis
D) experiment

Question 20

Which of the following could be considered an operational definition for customer satisfaction?

A) a survey item asking about satisfaction on a 5-point scale
B) number of customer complaints
C) number of returns
D) all of these

Question 21

A hypothesis ______.

A) tests the relationship between operational definitions
B) tests the relationship between constructs
C) measures how well a sample reflects a population
D) defines characteristics of interest in a population

Question 22

Which of the following would be considered an experiment?

A) measuring the relationship between gender and salary
B) measuring the relationship between annual sales and position
C) measuring the difference in attitudes between customers randomly chosen to receive a free sample
D) measuring the difference in attitudes between men and women

Question 23

If you randomly split a sample of eight people into four groups, how many conditions do you have?

A) 0
B) 4
C) 8
D) 32

Question 24

If you randomly assign subjects to different groups, you are ______.

A) placing subjects into experimental conditions
B) selecting subjects from a population
C) creating associations for a correlational study
D) none of these

Question 25

If you were running an experiment in which employees completed a training program or no training program at all, participants who completed the training program would be in the ______ condition.

A) correlational
B) control
C) treatment
D) operational

Question 26

If you were create study where customers were randomly assigned to receive a free sample or not receive a free sample, those that did not receive a free sample would be in the ______ condition.

A) correlational
B) control
C) treatment
D) operational

Question 27

If you collected data on the age of your customers and how much they enjoyed shopping at your business, this would be an example of a(n) ______.

A) condition
B) experiment
C) quasi-experiment
D) correlational study

Question 28

The difference between an experiment and a quasi-experiment is that ______.

A) you can make conclusions about causality in a quasi-experiment, but not an experiment
B) you use more than one condition in a quasi-experiment, but not in an experiment
C) you can assess more than one variable in an experiment, but not in a quasi-experiment
D) you use random assignment in an experiment, but not in a quasi-experiment

Question 29

A dataset is a collection of data linked together in a meaningful way.

Question 30

A variable is a collection of data linked together in a meaningful way.

Question 31

A case is a source of data about one or more variables.

Question 32

Qualitative data refer to qualities, like letters or words.

Question 33

There are four scales of measurement.

Question 34

Favourite colour is an example of a dichotomous variable.

Question 35

Ratio data has all of the qualities of ordinal data but not interval data.

Question 36

Degrees Celsius are an example of a ratio-level scale of measurement.

Question 37

Data that can be divided infinitely while remaining meaningful are continuous data.

Question 38

Ten subjects drawn at random from a larger population would be considered a sample.

Question 39

A representative sample would be one that accurately reflects the characteristics of a population.

Question 40

A statement specifying the relationship between constructs would be considered a hypothesis.

Question 41

The following statement is an example of a theory: "There is a relationship between happiness and job success."

Question 42

If you operationalize a construct, you are defining it in a "real world" way.

Question 43

The following statement is an example of a hypothesis: "Employees who report being happier on a 5-point Likert-type scale will also report being more satisfied on a 5-point Likert-type scale."

Question 44

You should not draw conclusions about causality from an experiment.

Question 45

If you randomly assign participants to three conditions, you are conducting an experiment.

Question 46

If you collect data from participants on more than one variable without making any changes, you are conducting a correlational study.

Question 47

A quasi-experiment uses random assignment.

Question 48

Quasi-experiment should always be your first choice for study design.

Question 49

Define and give an example of each of the four scales of measurement.

Question 50

Some statisticians consider a Likert-type item to be an ordinal-level scale, whereas others consider it to be an interval-level scale. Why?

Question 51

Why is it important that samples are representative from the population? Define both sample and population and provide an example of each.

Question 52

Explain the difference between an experiment, correlational study, and a quasi-experiment. Give an example of each that could be used to address the following research question: "Does training impact job satisfaction?"

Question 53

For the following questions, consider the table below:
$\begin{array}{ccc} & \text { Training } & \text { Test score } \\\hline 1 & \text { A } & 15 \\2 & \text { A } & 14 \\3 & \text { B } & 19 \\4 & \mathrm{~B} & 20 \\5 & \mathrm{C} & 10 \\6 & \mathrm{C} & 11\end{array}$

-The table above, as a whole, depicts a ______.

A) data
B) datum
C) dataset
D) variable

Question 54

For the following questions, consider the table below:
$\begin{array}{ccc} & \text { Training } & \text { Test score } \\\hline 1 & \text { A } & 15 \\2 & \text { A } & 14 \\3 & \text { B } & 19 \\4 & \mathrm{~B} & 20 \\5 & \mathrm{C} & 10 \\6 & \mathrm{C} & 11\end{array}$

-In the table above, "19" is a ______.

A) data
B) datum
C) dataset
D) variable

Question 55

For the following questions, consider the table below:
$\begin{array}{ccc} & \text { Training } & \text { Test score } \\\hline 1 & \text { A } & 15 \\2 & \text { A } & 14 \\3 & \text { B } & 19 \\4 & \mathrm{~B} & 20 \\5 & \mathrm{C} & 10 \\6 & \mathrm{C} & 11\end{array}$

-In the table above, what is "Training"?

A) data
B) datum
C) dataset
D) variable

Question 56

For the following questions, consider the table below:
$\begin{array}{ccc} & \text { Training } & \text { Test score } \\\hline 1 & \text { A } & 15 \\2 & \text { A } & 14 \\3 & \text { B } & 19 \\4 & \mathrm{~B} & 20 \\5 & \mathrm{C} & 10 \\6 & \mathrm{C} & 11\end{array}$

-What is the value of "Training" for Case 5?

A) 10
B) B
C) 20
D) C

Question 57

For the following questions, consider the table below:
$\begin{array}{ccc} & \text { Training } & \text { Test score } \\\hline 1 & \text { A } & 15 \\2 & \text { A } & 14 \\3 & \text { B } & 19 \\4 & \mathrm{~B} & 20 \\5 & \mathrm{C} & 10 \\6 & \mathrm{C} & 11\end{array}$

-Which of the following describes the numbers under the "Training" heading?

A) qualitative
B) ordinal
C) interval
D) quantitative

Question 58

For the following questions, consider the table below:
$\begin{array}{ccc} & \text { Training } & \text { Test score } \\\hline 1 & \text { A } & 15 \\2 & \text { A } & 14 \\3 & \text { B } & 19 \\4 & \mathrm{~B} & 20 \\5 & \mathrm{C} & 10 \\6 & \mathrm{C} & 11\end{array}$

-If employees were randomly assigned to Training A, B or C, this table depicts ______.

A) a correlational study
B) a quasi-experiment
C) an experiment
D) none of these

Question 59

For the following questions, consider the table below:
$\begin{array}{ccc} & \text { Training } & \text { Test score } \\\hline 1 & \text { A } & 15 \\2 & \text { A } & 14 \\3 & \text { B } & 19 \\4 & \mathrm{~B} & 20 \\5 & \mathrm{C} & 10 \\6 & \mathrm{C} & 11\end{array}$

-If employees chose whether they wished to complete Training A, B or C, this table depicts ______.

A) a correlational study
B) a quasi-experiment
C) an experiment
D) none of these

Question 60

For the following questions, consider the table below:
$\begin{array}{ccc} & \text { Training } & \text { Test score } \\\hline 1 & \text { A } & 15 \\2 & \text { A } & 14 \\3 & \text { B } & 19 \\4 & \mathrm{~B} & 20 \\5 & \mathrm{C} & 10 \\6 & \mathrm{C} & 11\end{array}$

-How many cases are depicted in this table?

A) 2
B) 6
C) 12
D) 18

Question 61

For the following questions, consider the table below:
$\begin{array}{ccc} & \text { Training } & \text { Test score } \\\hline 1 & \text { A } & 15 \\2 & \text { A } & 14 \\3 & \text { B } & 19 \\4 & \mathrm{~B} & 20 \\5 & \mathrm{C} & 10 \\6 & \mathrm{C} & 11\end{array}$

-How many variables are depicted in this table?

A) 2
B) 6
C) 12
D) 18

Question 62

For the following questions, consider the table below:
$\begin{array}{ccc} & \text { Training } & \text { Test score } \\\hline 1 & \text { A } & 15 \\2 & \text { A } & 14 \\3 & \text { B } & 19 \\4 & \mathrm{~B} & 20 \\5 & \mathrm{C} & 10 \\6 & \mathrm{C} & 11\end{array}$

-How many data are depicted in this table?

A) 2
B) 6
C) 12
D) 18