Deck 12: Bivariate Association for Nominal and Ordinal Level Variables

Question 1

Lambda compares the number of errors of prediction under two separate rules. In the first rule, the independent variable is________.

A) ignored
B) squared
C) taken into account.
D) expressed as a percentage.

Answer 1

A

Question 2

A study was made of marital satisfaction experienced by men and women. A phi of .07 was calculated for the relationship between gender and satisfaction. This result shows that________.

A) women experience greater marital satisfaction
B) men experience greater marital satisfaction.
C) there is a weak relationship between the variables.
D) there is a positive relationship between the variables.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

For a relationship involving education and library use, gamma was +0.37. This relationship is________.

A) weak and positive.
B) strong and negative.
C) moderate and positive.
D) positive and weak.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Lambda is asymmetric, which means that________.

A) the value of lambda is the same regardless of which variable is taken as independent
B) the upper limit of lambda is less than 1.00.
C) the value of lambda may vary depending on which variable is taken as independent.
D) lambda cannot exceed .50.

Question 5

A bivariate table has 1843 pairs of cases ranked the same (Ns) and 345 pairs of cases ranked differently (Nd). This is________.

A) a negative relationship.
B) a positive relationship.
C) a very weak relationship.
D) impossible. These totals are mathematically impossible.

Question 6

Measures of association provide the researcher with information that________.

A) indicates the strength of a relationship between variables.
B) assists them in making predictions from one variable to another.
C) facilitates their understanding of causal relationships between variables.
D) All of the answer choices

Question 7

For a 3 x 3 table, the appropriate chi square based measure of association would be________.

A) Cramer's V
B) phi.
C) lambda.
D) gamma.

Question 8

In the formula for gamma, Nd represents the number of pairs of cases________.

A) in all dissimilar cells
B) ranked differently on both variables
C) with low scores.
D) that have different scores on either variable.

Question 9

If we cannot reduce our errors of prediction for the order of pairs of cases on one variable by predicting from the order of pairs of cases on the other variable,________.

A) gamma will be zero
B) the association is moderate in strength.
C) the relationship is positive.
D) the relationship is negative.

Question 10

For ordinal level variables with only a few categories or values, an appropriate measure of association would be________.

A) Spearman's rho.
B) Gamma.
C) Chi square.
D) Cramer's V.

Question 11

While ignoring the independent variable, we make 78 errors when predicting the dependent variable. When taking the independent variable into account, we reduce the number of errors to 43. Therefore________.

A) the variables are not associated
B) the variables are associated
C) the independent variable is definitely a cause of the dependent variable
D) phi will be 0.

Question 12

A researcher can demonstrate a strong association between gender and income. Which variable is independent?

A) Gender
B) Both
C) Income
D) Neither

Question 13

Which is the correct expression for finding E1?

A) N - k
B) N - E 2
C) phi - V
D) N - (largest row total)

Question 14

Unlike lambda, phi________.

A) is computed from percentages
B) ranges from - 1.00 to + 1.00.
C) is the square root of Cramer's V.
D) is based on chi square.

Question 15

To prove that one variable causes another, we use________.

A) measures of association.
B) tests of significance.
C) ANOVA.
D) None of the answer choices: neither measures of association or tests of significance can prove causal relationships.

Question 16

A researcher has computed a gamma of -0.45 between marital happiness and number of children. What can she conclude?

A) Families with more children are happier. This is a moderate relationship.
B) Children have a strong, positive influence on levels of marital happiness.
C) There is a moderate, negative relationship between number of children and marital happiness.
D) There is a weak, negative relationship between the variables.

Question 17

A researcher tested the relationship between occupational prestige and level of approval of a proposal to ban handguns in the state, and found a gamma of -0.17. This means that________.

A) as prestige goes up, support for the ban goes down
B) the electorate will approve the ban.
C) support for the ban is highest among the rich.
D) support tends to increase as prestige increases.

Question 18

Lambda is a PRE measure that is used when variables are measured at the________.

A) nominal level
B) ordinal level.
C) interval-ratio level.
D) Any of the answer choices

Question 19

Gamma and lambda are based on the logic of________.

A) chi square
B) associational percentages.
C) proportional repartitioning.
D) proportional reduction in error.

Question 20

A problem with both Cramer's V and phi is that values between 0.00 and 1.00________.

A) are very rare
B) are mathematically impossible.
C) can actually indicate negative relationships.
D) can be interpreted only as an index of the relative strength of the association.

Question 21

To compute Spearman's rho, we________.

A) rank the scores from each variable from high to low.
B) take the difference between each score and the mean.
C) estimate the mean rank squared.
D) ignore all tied scores.

Question 22

In Table 1, support for immigration restriction _________ as education increases.

A) decreases
B) increases
C) moderates
D) weakens

Question 23

Scales have been administered to eleven individuals measuring their job satisfaction and the prestige of their occupations. Higher scores indicate greater satisfaction and more prestige. Calculate Spearman's rho and write a sentence or two analyzing the strength and direction of the relationship.

Question 24

The closer the value of a measure of association is to one,________.

A) the stronger the relationship
B) the more evenly the scores are distributed.
C) the weaker the relationship.
D) the more certain we are that the samples are representative.

Question 25

For variables measured at the nominal level, measures of association will have a lower limit of _______ and an upper limit of _______.

A) 0, 100
B) - 1, +1
C) 0, 1
D) 1, 0

Question 26

If the maximum difference is greater than 30, the relationship is________.

A) strong.
B) moderate.
C) weak.
D) statistically significant.

Question 27

Phi and Cramer's V would be appropriate as measures of association for variables measured at the________.

A) nominal level
B) ordinal level.
C) interval-ratio level.
D) continuous level.

Question 28

The characteristic(s) of a relationship between two variables that must be analyzed for a full understanding of the relationship is (are)________.

A) the existence of an association.
B) the strength of an association.
C) the direction of an association.
D) All of the answer choices

Question 29

In computing Spearman's rho, the sum of the D column must be________.

A) 1.
B) N.
C) 0.
D) the mean rank squared.

Question 30

Spearman's rho is appropriate for use with________.

A) continuous ordinal variables.
B) b variables whose categories have been collapsed.
C) tables larger than 2x2.
D) negative relationships only.

Question 31

"As education increases, income rises." This is an example of a________.

A) non-causal relationship.
B) positive relationship.
C) negative relationship.
D) neutral relationship.

Question 32

Table 1 shows a relationship between education and support for a policy to restrict immigration to the United States. The relationship between education and opposition is:

A) positive.
B) negative.
C) neither a positive nor negative relationship since the variables are measured at the nominal level.
D) None of the answer choices

Question 33

The distribution of scores on the dependent variable for a specific category of the independent variable is called________.

A) associated categories.
B) the distribution correlation.
C) the conditional distribution of Y.
D) the marginal response category.

Question 34

Is there an association between support for the legalization of marijuana and age? Calculate percentages and an appropriate measure of association for the table below and write a sentence or two assessing the strength and pattern or direction of the relationship.