Deck 11: Hypothesis Testing Iv Chi Square

Question 1

In order to identify the pattern of the relationship in a bivariate table, we need to compute________.

A) row percentages.
B) column percentages.
C) total percentages.
D) row proportions.

Answer 1

column percentages.

Question 2

The chi square goodness-of-fit test can be used when________.

A) degrees of freedom are less than one.
B) column percentages are equal.
C) sample size is very large.
D) the distribution of a single variable must be tested for significance.

Answer 2

D

Question 3

How many degrees of freedom does a 3 x 3 bivariate table have?

A) 8
B) 6
C) 4
D) 3

Answer 3

4

Question 4

Cell frequencies computed under the assumption that the null hypothesis is true are called________.

A) observed frequencies.
B) experimental frequencies.
C) expected frequencies.
D) random frequencies.

Question 5

The row and column marginals for the expected frequencies are always ________ those of the observed frequencies.

A) greater than
B) the same as
C) less than
D) different from

Question 6

When the null hypothesis in the chi square test for independence is true, there should be________.

A) large difference between the observed frequencies and the expected frequencies.
B) little difference between the observed frequencies and the expected frequencies.
C) no difference between the observed frequencies and the marginals.
D) no difference between the row and the column marginals.

Question 7

To calculate the expected frequencies for a chi square analysis, you need all but which of the following?

A) number of cases in the table (N)
B) row marginals
C) observed frequencies
D) column marginals

Question 8

A Chi square test has been conducted to assess the relationship between marital status and church attendance. The obtained Chi square is 23.45 and the critical Chi square is 9.488. What may be concluded?

A) Reject the null hypothesis, church attendance and marital status are dependent
B) Reject the null hypothesis, church attendance and marital status are independent
C) Fail to reject the null hypothesis, church attendance and marital status are dependent
D) Fail to reject the null hypothesis, church attendance and marital status are independent

Question 9

When studying the differences between male and female voting patterns in the 2016 election, what was found?

A) Women favored Democratic candidates more than males, but not significantly so.
B) Women significantly favored Democratic candidates more than males.
C) Men favored Democratic candidates more than females, and the difference was significant.
D) There were no measurable differences between male and female voting preferences.

Question 10

In a 2x2 table, if one cell frequency is known,________.

A) all other cell frequencies are determined.
B) two other cell frequencies are determined.
C) one other cell frequency is determined.
D) none of the other cell frequencies is determined.

Question 11

An obtained chi square of 10.78 has been calculated. Critical Chi square is 3.841. What should be concluded?________.

A) Nothing -- information is incomplete
B) Reject the null hypothesis, the variables are not independent
C) Reject the null hypothesis, the variables are independent
D) Fail to reject the null hypothesis

Question 12

The sampling distribution for chi squares is________.

A) shaped like any other normal curve.
B) not normally distributed.
C) bimodal.
D) All of the answer choices

Question 13

In the Chi square test, degrees of freedom are________.

A) N - 1
B) N 1 + N 2 - 2
C) (r + 1)(c + 1)
D) (r - 1)(c - 1)

Question 14

In the Chi square test, expected frequencies are computed by________.

A) adding the observed frequency to N and subtracting the number of cells.
B) multiplying the observed frequencies by the row marginals and dividing by degrees of freedom.
C) multiplying the proper row and column marginals for each cell and dividing by N.
D) adding the proper row and column marginals together and dividing by N.

Question 15

In the chi square test of hypothesis, the null hypothesis states that the variables are________.

A) dependent.
B) independent.
C) causally related.
D) non-random.

Question 16

Which assumption about level of measurement is made for the Chi square test?

A) All variables are at least ordinal in level of measurement.
B) All variables are at least interval-ratio in level of measurement.
C) All variables are nominal in level of measurement.
D) At least one variable must be ordinal in level of measurement.

Question 17

In the Chi square test for independence, the null hypothesis and the research hypothesis________.

A) always contradict each other.
B) always agree with each other.
C) are never actually stated.
D) are usually both rejected.

Question 18

Unlike the chi square test of independence, in the chi square goodness of fit test, the expected frequencies are________.

A) not used.
B) computed.
C) determined from the null hypothesis.
D) the same as the observed frequencies.

Question 19

In a research study conducted to determine if arrests were related to the socioeconomic class of the offender, the chi square critical score was 9.488 and the chi square test statistic was 12.2. We can conclude that________.

A) the variables are independent.
B) being in a certain socioeconomic class causes arrests.
C) the variables are dependent.
D) the probability of getting these results by random chance alone is 0.5.

Question 20

The chi square test is frequently used because it is relatively easy to satisfy the model assumptions (step 1 of the five-step model). These assumptions require, in the case of chi square,________.

A) a normal population distribution.
B) no assumption about the shape of the sampling distribution.
C) expected frequencies of equal value.
D) a difference in expected and observed frequencies.

Question 21

Is support for the proposed anti-smoking law related to political party affiliation? Use the five step model as a guide and write a sentence or two interpreting your results.

Question 22

The city council is considering a law that would ban smoking in all public facilities. A sample has been selected from the community and tested for support of the ordinance. Is there a statistically significant relationship between age and support for the anti-smoking law? Use the five step model as a guide and write a sentence or two interpreting your results.

Question 23

Some potential difficulties arise in the chi square test when________.

A) sample size is small.
B) sample size is very large.
C) many cells have expected frequencies of five or less.
D) All of the answer choices

Question 24

Unlike other tests of significance, Chi square easily handles situations in which________.

A) the variables of interest have more than two categories or scores.
B) the variables of interest have less than two categories or scores.
C) variables are all ordinal in level of measurement.
D) degrees of freedom exceed 100.

Question 25

If two variables are independent, the cell frequencies will be________.

A) exactly the same.
B) concentrated in only two of the cells.
C) less than the expected frequencies.
D) determined by random chance.

Question 26

A problem with large samples in the chi square test is that the test statistic________.

A) increases at the same rate as sample size and trivial relationships may seem important.
B) decreases as sample size increases and may cause Type I errors.
C) fluctuates so much that the results are completely unreliable.
D) is always elevated above the neutral area.

Question 27

In the context of chi square, variables are independent if________.

A) they are related.
B) cause and effect can be proved.
C) the obtained chi square falls in the critical region.
D) the score of a case on one variable has no effect on the score of the case on the other variable.

Question 28

For Chi square, a small sample is one in which________.

A) many expected frequencies are less than 5.
B) many observed frequencies are less than 5.
C) N is less than 100.
D) N is less than 50.

Question 29

Yate's correction for small sample size________.

A) reduces the value of the difference between f o and f e by .5 before squaring.
B) increases the value of the difference between f o and f e by .5 before squaring.
C) reduces the degrees of freedom by one half.
D) increases the degrees of freedom by one half.

Question 30

The subtotals calculated for bivariate tables are also known as________.

A) expected frequencies.
B) marginals.
C) observed frequencies.
D) cells.

Question 31

Chi square is one of a class of statistics called________.

A) nonparametric.
B) parametric.
C) semi-parametric.
D) parametrically symmetrical.

Question 32

Which pattern of cell frequencies in a 2x2 table would indicate that the variables are independent?

A) All cell frequencies are exactly the same.
B) There are a different number of cases in each of the four cells.
C) Only the cells in the top row of the table have cases in them.
D) There are no cases in any cell.

Question 33

To conduct a chi square test, the variables must first be organized into a________.

A) univariate table.
B) bivariate table.
C) list, which is then ranked.
D) frequency distribution.

Question 34

When cell frequencies are small and 2 x 2 tables are used in the chi square test, an adjustment to the value of chi square can be made by applying________.

A) Yate's correction for continuity.
B) a different value to the expected frequencies.
C) a different value to the observed frequencies.
D) Any of the answer choices

Question 35

A bivariate table in which both variables have three categories has________.

A) three cells.
B) six cells.
C) nine cells.
D) thirty-three cells.

Question 36

One limitation of the Chi square test (and all tests of hypothesis) is that they cannot tell us if relationships between variables are________.

A) significant.
B) random.
C) by chance.
D) important.

Question 37

A researcher reports aχ 2(obtained) of 75.34 ( α=.05, df = 1,χ 2(critical) = 3.84, N = 13,678). The researcher claims that the relationship is extremely significant. What issue should be raised?

A) Degrees of freedom are much too small for a sample this large.
B) Alpha is too low
C) Sample size is very large and the actual relationship between the variables might be trivial.
D) The value for χ 2 (critical) is much too low.