Deck 7: Memory

Question 1

Thoughts, inferences, and mental associations may be mistaken for true memories due to

A) redintegration.
B) elaborative processing.
C) suppression.
D) encoding failure.

Answer 1

elaborative processing.

Question 2

Echoic memory involves a brief flurry of activity in the auditory system that lasts for up to __________ second(s).

A) one-half
B) two
C) six
D) 10

Answer 2

two

Question 3

Regarding short-term memory (STM), which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Although information can be stored phonetically in STM, it is most often stored in images.
B) In memory experiments, information in short-term memory is gone in 12 to 18 seconds without rehearsal.
C) It is very difficult to do more than one task at a time in STM.
D) STM is very sensitive to interruption, or displacement.

Answer 3

Although information can be stored phonetically in STM, it is most often stored in images.

Question 4

If you rehearse the Gettysburg Address until you have learned it to perfection, you can expect your memory for it to be

A) fleeting and likely to disappear within hours.
B) available only in special situations.
C) relatively permanent but subject to revision.
D) fixed in a neural substrate and available unless the brain is subjected to damage or disease.

Question 5

Organizing information into larger units as a way of improving the efficiency of short-term memory is called

A) chunking.
B) redintegration.
C) consolidation.
D) latent symbolization.

Question 6

If you are selectively attending to the terms you are trying to study, they will most likely be automatically

A) encoded into iconic memory.
B) stored in sensory memory.
C) retrieved from short-term memory and stored in working memory.
D) retrieved from sensory memory and encoded in short-term memory.

Question 7

Earlier in the day, you ate breakfast at The Pine Tree Cafe. You are trying to tell a friend about this restaurant, but you can't quite recall the name. You will most likely call the restaurant

A) The Oak Grove Cafe.
B) The Lime Tree Cafe.
C) The Fair Tree Cafe.
D) The Forest Tree Cafe.

Question 8

Which of the following would be an example of short-term memory?

A) remembering the letters of the alphabet
B) looking up a phone number and remembering it while you dial
C) remembering your name
D) remembering how to ride a bicycle

Question 9

When we fill in the gaps in memory with logic, guessing, or new information, we are using

A) chunking or recoding.
B) elaborative processing.
C) eidetic imaging.
D) consolidation.

Question 10

Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic processes of memory?

A) encoding
B) feedback
C) storage
D) retrieval

Question 11

If you are trying to recall the concept "test anxiety" for your final psychology exam, you are more likely to mistakenly write "test nervousness" or "test worry" than "text anxiety" or "tent anxiety" because information for your psychology final is most likely stored in long-term memory

A) phonetically.
B) on the basis of visual images.
C) procedurally.
D) on the basis of meaning.

Question 12

In your short-term memory, numbers, letters, words, phrases, or familiar sentences can make up a single bit of information called a\an

A) eidetic.
B) chunk.
C) loci.
D) icon.

Question 13

Whenever you are doing mental arithmetic, planning a meal, or reading a book, you are using __________ memory.

A) procedural
B) working
C) eidetic
D) implicit

Question 14

When you need information stored in computer files, you select the file and open it. When you need information from your long-term memory, you utilize the memory process known as

A) retrieval.
B) encoding.
C) iconic processing.
D) dishabituation.

Question 15

Concerning the results of recent brain stimulation experiments on memories, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Most memory experts now believe that long-term memories are only relatively permanent.
B) Most of the experiences produced resembled dreams more than memories with many clearly imaginary.
C) The brain appears to record every event like a "strip of movie film, complete with sound track."
D) Many events never get past sensory or short-term memory.

Question 16

Which of the following is the most effective way to transfer information from short-term memory to long-term memory?

A) eidetic imagery
B) elaborative processing
C) maintenance rehearsal
D) rote rehearsal

Question 17

Short-term memories can be prolonged by

A) counting aloud to prevent new input.
B) maintenance rehearsal.
C) brain stimulation.
D) proactive cueing.

Question 18

When discussing the relationship between short-term and long-term memory, the authors of your textbook use the analogy of long-term memory being like a

A) computer keyboard.
B) projector used in showing old home movies.
C) huge warehouse filled with large filing cabinets.
D) small desk with seven drawers.

Question 19

The three stages of memory include all of the following EXCEPT

A) short-term memory.
B) eidetic memory.
C) sensory memory.
D) long-term memory.

Question 20

Five-year-old Jaycee learned her "ABCs" by repeating them over and over again. Jaycee learned the alphabet through

A) rote learning.
B) insight learning.
C) classical conditioning.
D) respondent conditioning.

Question 21

Which subpart of declarative memory records personal experiences that are linked with specific times and places in one's life?

A) episodic memory
B) eidetic memory
C) semantic memory
D) procedural memory

Question 22

Procedural memory would be affected by damage to the

A) corpus callosum.
B) cerebellum and basal ganglia.
C) hippocampus and amygdala.
D) limbic system.

Question 23

You are able to remember your two computer passwords because they are the name of the city and state where you were born, which illustrates the use of maintenance rehearsal.

Question 24

Information in long-term memory is typically arranged in all of the following EXCEPT

A) rules.
B) similarity.
C) alphabetically.
D) personal meanings.

Question 25

Memories elicited by the electrical stimulation of the brain suggest that every experience a person has ever had is recorded permanently in long-term memory.

Question 26

The key to the cognitive interview is

A) the use of progressive relaxation.
B) the use of progressive part recollection and recovery of memories.
C) priming of eidetic imagery.
D) recreating the crime scene.

Question 27

In sensory memory, the visual image that persists for about one-half second after being seen is called an engram.

Question 28

A student will tend to have more retrieval cues to help with redintegration on a test if he or she uses which of the following when studying?

A) maintenance rehearsal
B) rote learning
C) eidetic imagery
D) elaborative processing

Question 29

Which of the following would be considered an episodic memory?

A) remembering that 4 x 7 = 28
B) remembering the name of the third president of the U.S.
C) remembering where the letters "c-a-t" are on the keyboard as you type
D) remembering the names of your elementary school teachers

Question 30

Selective attention determines what information moves from sensory memory into short-term memory.

Question 31

Research on the effectiveness of hypnosis in solving crimes found that

A) hypnosis improved memory only for crimes involving high emotion, such as kidnapping or murder.
B) hypnosis increased false memories as the person filled in memory gaps with imagination.
C) hypnosis was only accurate for good hypnotic subjects.
D) if the person felt confident about the information gained through hypnosis, then the information was more likely to be true.

Question 32

A witness to a crime "remembers" the face of another person that he actually saw somewhere other than the crime scene. Not remembering the source of his or her information explains the formation of __________ memories.

A) false
B) eidetic
C) semantic
D) implicit

Question 33

To remember the definitions of the psychology terms he will have on his first exam, Noah repeats them over and over to himself for an hour, which illustrates the use of elaborative processing.

Question 34

Your son buys a used car that has a standard five-speed stick shift. Although you have only driven cars with automatic transmissions in the last several years, you are able to shift the gears in your son's car with relative ease. This ability to still use the clutch and shift gears on your son's car illustrates __________ memory.

A) semantic
B) declarative
C) episodic
D) procedural

Question 35

The three stages of memory are summarized by the Atkinson-Shiffrin model of memory.

Question 36

The three processes involved in memory are maintenance, elaboration, and forgetting.

Question 37

When Georgia looks at an old photograph of herself in the backyard tire swing, a flood of memories comes rushing back. Georgia finds herself going from one memory to the next. According to memory research, this process is referred to as

A) the fundamental attribution effect.
B) redintegration.
C) parallel processing.
D) recovered memory transfer.

Question 38

For most people, the space capacity for short-term memory is 12 items, plus or minus two.

Question 39

The digit-span test is a common measure of attention and short-term memory.

Question 40

Knowing which psychologist founded which school of thought illustrates __________memory.

A) skill
B) procedural
C) episodic
D) semantic

Question 41

Redintegration is the reason that one small stimulus, such as hearing an old song, can cause you to have vivid and detailed memories of your senior prom.

Question 42

Units of information in long-term memory are organized in a complex system of associations, according to the __________ model of memory.

Question 43

Working memory, which is used for thinking and problem-solving, involves the combination of various mental processes with the stage of memory known as __________ memory.

Question 44

When Gina looks at an old photograph of her high school graduating class, a flood of memories comes rushing back with Gina finding herself going from one memory to the next. According to memory research, this process Gina is experiencing is referred to as __________.

Question 45

To keep a phone number active in his mind while looking at his cell phone and dialing it, Greg repeats the number to himself, which illustrates the proces of __________ rehearsal.

Question 46

Elizabeth Loftus and John Palmer showed people a filmed automobile accident. Afterward, some participants were asked to estimate how fast the cars were going when they "smashed" into one another. For others the words "bumped," "contacted," or "hit" replaced "smashed." One week later, each person was asked, "Did you see any broken glass?" Those asked earlier about the cars that "smashed" into one another were more likely to say yes, even though no broken glass was shown in the film. The new information ("smashed") was incorporated into the original memories, elaborating them and producing a(n) __________ memory.

Question 47

Iconic and echoic memories are part of the stage of memory known as __________ memory.

Question 48

Brett was an eye witness to a crime, but he misidentifies the suspect in court because he saw the suspect's picture in the newspaper and not at the crime scene. This type of error occurs due to elaborative processing causing the origins of a memory to be misremembered, a situation referred to as __________ confusion.

Question 49

The tip-of-the-tongue state involves

A) memories that a person does not know exists and are retrieved unconsciously.
B) memories that are reconstructed or expanded by starting with one memory and then following chains of associations to other related memories.
C) a feeling that a memory is available but not quite retrievable.
D) the failure to store sufficient information to form a useful memory.

Question 50

Describe the two main types of long-term memories and the two subdivisions of one memory type. Then, identify which type of memory each of the following experiences would produce: (a) playing a guitar, (b) knowing the names of ten famous guitarists, and (c) the time you toured the Gibson Guitar Plant in Memphis.

Question 51

Explain the space and time capacities of short-term memory, the effects of chunking and maintenance rehearsal on these capacities, and the best method for moving information from short-term into long-term memory.

Question 52

Using a computer as an analogy, describe the three processes involved in one's active memory system; explain how information in each of the three stages of memory is encoded and how this information moves from one stage to the next.

Question 53

Explain why hypnosis is rarely used in police work to improve the memory of eyewitnesses, and describe an alternative method that is more effective in improving the memory of eyewitnesses.

Question 54

On a test that measures her attention and short-term memory, Tanya is asked to correctly repeat seven digits. This test is called the ___________ test.

Question 55

Regarding the availability of memories, which of the following statement is FALSE?

A) Whether you have "remembered" something depends on how you were tested.
B) The feeling that a memory is available but not quite retrievable is known as the déjà vu state.
C) Having partial memories is common.
D) The fact that people can often tell beforehand if they are likely to remember something is an example of partial memory known as the feeling of knowing.

Question 56

Information is initially converted into a form that can be retained, with this conversion part of the memory process being known as ___________.

Question 57

Memories which can be located and retrieved refers to the memories

A) having recognition value.
B) being accessible.
C) being implicit.
D) being state-dependent.

Question 58

Remembering what you had for lunch yesterday and the family reunion last weekend are examples of a type of declarative memory known as __________ memory.

Question 59

Procedural memories are more easily forgotten than are episodic memories.

Question 60

Regarding the three stages of memory, the memories that are stored on the basis of meaningfulness and importance are called __________ memories.

Question 61

When learning an ordered list of words, which items are neither held in short-term memory nor moved to long-term memory, so they are often lost?

A) first
B) middle
C) last
D) first and last

Question 62

The ability to predict beforehand whether one will be able to remember something is called

A) déjà vu.
B) episodic memory.
C) consolidation.
D) the feeling of knowing.

Question 63

The ability to correctly identify previously learned information is known as __________ memory.

A) recall
B) recognition
C) relearning
D) redintegration

Question 64

Your first psychology quiz consists of 20 fill-in-the-blank questions on the history of psychology. This test is measuring memory by

A) recall.
B) recognition.
C) relearning.
D) redintegration.

Question 65

Memories may be revealed through recall, recognition, relearning, and

A) the tip-of-the-tongue state.
B) the serial position effect.
C) priming.
D) déjà vu.

Question 66

Déjà vu experiences feel familiar but yet strange because

A) redintegration has occurred and obscured most of the memory.
B) elaborative processing obscured the original memory.
C) repression is only partially able to block the memory from your awareness.
D) a past memory was retrieved but was too weak to yield adequate details.

Question 67

You and your husband go to the movies. About 20 minutes into the movie, he asks you who that actress is that just came on the screen and if she is on some television show you watch. You know that you know her name but you just cannot recall it. This illustrates

A) the savings score.
B) suppression state.
C) encoding failure.
D) the tip-of-the tongue state.

Question 68

In a classic "tip-of-the-tongue" experiment, students, who drew a blank and couldn't name a defined word, were

A) able to name the word after they were instructed to shut their eyes.
B) able to guess the first and last letter and the number of syllables of the word they were seeking.
C) exhibiting encoding failure.
D) exhibiting the serial position effect.

Question 69

On the reading comprehension test, a student reads a sentence and then the examiner turns the page and asks the student to select which picture out of four best illustrates what he or she read. The student's memory for what was read is being tested using

A) recall.
B) relearning.
C) recognition.
D) redintegration.

Question 70

Which of the following methods of measuring memory is being used when a student is required to recite poetry or the lines of a famous play verbatim?

A) recognition
B) relearning
C) recall
D) serial position

Question 71

Which of the following ways of measuring memory involves supplying or reproducing memorized information with a minimum of external cues?

A) relearning
B) recognition
C) recall
D) redintegration

Question 72

Regarding methods of measuring memory, which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Recognition memory can be amazingly accurate for pictures and photographs.
B) Recall is usually superior to recognition.
C) Witnesses who disagree when they try to recall a suspect's height, weight, age, or eye color often agree completely when they merely need to recognize the person.
D) Many hundreds of people have been put in jail on the basis of mistaken eyewitness memories.

Question 73

A research participant is asked to memorize a list of words. The next day, this participant is asked to write all the words on a piece of paper that she can remember were on the list. This type of task illustrates the measurement of memory through

A) serial position.
B) recall.
C) relearning.
D) recognition.

Question 74

Three commonly used methods of measuring memory are

A) recall, recognition, and relearning.
B) redintegration, recognition, and constructive processing.
C) iconic, echoic, and tactile.
D) spaced practice, massed practice, and consolidation.

Question 75

Naming the seven dwarfs with no hints or clues involves measuring memory by

A) serial position.
B) relearning.
C) recall.
D) recognition.

Question 76

You are playing a trivia game on the computer when the category of "American Presidents" comes up. Having just taken an exam on this subject, you smile as you read the first question and the correct answer immediately "pops" in your head even before the four answers appear from which you will choose. You are experiencing

A) memory consolidation.
B) the feeling of knowing.
C) elaborative processing.
D) déjà vu.

Question 77

If you witnessed a crime and were asked to pick out the person who committed the crime from a lineup of six people, the other five people are called

A) savings.
B) distractors.
C) primers.
D) false positives.

Question 78

When learning an ordered list of words, which items will be remembered well because they enter an "empty" short-term memory, which allows you to rehearse the items so they move into long-term memory?

A) first
B) middle
C) last
D) none of these items

Question 79

Although Jordan practiced the poem several times, when he performed in front of his English class, he remembered the beginning and the end but forgot the middle. This pattern of forgetting illustrates the __________ effect.

A) serial position
B) attentional
C) ordering
D) consolidation

Question 80

On a multiple choice test, if only one choice looks like it could be correct among the other dissimilar distractors,

A) there will be a lack of recognition for the information.
B) a false sense of recognition may occur for the information.
C) the serial position effect is likely to occur, regarding the information.
D) redintegration is likely to occur, regarding the information.