Deck 9: Power and Psychology

Question 1

Personality is all of the characteristic ways of behaving that an individual exhibits.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Social psychologists view interpersonal interaction as the critical determinant of personality development.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Nurture has to do with the environmental influences on behavior.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The field of evolutionary psychology describes relationships between biological needs, genetic coding, and psychological traits of all living primates.

Question 5

Authoritarians are likely to view members of social groups other than their own as outsiders who are different, strange, unwholesome, and threatening.

Question 6

Over time, an individual acquires a distinctive pattern of interpersonal response traits, relatively inconsistent and unstable dispositions to respond in distinctive ways toward others.

Question 7

Intelligence most likely generates more controversy that any other aspect of the nature versus nurture debate.

Question 8

Authoritarians are oriented toward cooperation.

Question 9

It is easy to determine whether a specific personality characteristic shared by a parent and child has been genetically inherited or transmitted through social interaction in the home.

Question 10

In the discussion of "nature versus nurture" in the development of personality characteristics, psychologists generally acknowledge that personality is shaped by both __________ and environment.

A) intelligence
B) sexuality
C) heredity
D) experiential learning

Question 11

With regard to sex-role behaviors, many researchers believe that environment plays a more dominant role than hormones.

Question 12

Behavioral psychologists are concerned with the scientific study of the behavioral responses of human beings to various stimuli.

Question 13

Psychoanalytic (Freudian) psychology views behavior as a product of the interaction between instincts and our efforts to suppress them in socially acceptable ways.

Question 14

Power as self-affirmation is the recognition of one's own worth and significance in life.

Question 15

Newborns possess five instinctual responses. Which of the following is not one of those responses?

A) Sucking
B) Clinging
C) Following
D) Thinking

Question 16

Research indicates that aggression and violence are often reactions to empowerment.

Question 17

Behavioral psychotherapy establishes a set of conditions in which neurotic habits are unlearned and non-neurotic habits are learned.

Question 18

Instinct is a factor associated with nurture theories of learning norms.

Question 19

The process by which an individual internalizes the values, attitudes, and judgments of others is called socialization.

Question 20

Humanistic psychology focuses on the scientific study of how humans respond to various stimuli.

Question 21

George Herbert Mead conceived the notion of roles to explain how an individual internalizes the expectations of others and acquires

A) a personality.
B) an idea of what real life is like.
C) self-actualization.
D) the values of society.

Question 22

Rollo May believes that powerlessness corrupts the human personality by

A) making people weak.
B) causing people to give up.
C) robbing an individual of a sense of meaning and significance.
D) robbing an individual of a sense of indestructibility.

Question 23

Which of the following characteristics does not describe an authoritarian personality?

A) Orientation toward power
B) Positivism
C) Dominance and submission
D) Ethnocentrism

Question 24

The mother is the single most important influence in anyone's early environment. This is so because

A) mothers are usually the primary care givers.
B) fathers don't pay much attention to infants.
C) siblings are not very important to younger children.
D) day care workers cannot provide enough attention to infants.

Question 25

Addiction disorders are one of the most common forms of mental illness. Addiction occurs when an individual

A) cannot control his or her behavior.
B) enjoys the addict's life more than real life.
C) does not want to control his or her behavior
D) refuses treatment for the addiction.

Question 26

Which of the following does not render professional assistance to those with mental disorders?

A) Physiologist
B) Psychiatrist
C) Clinical psychologist
D) Psychological counselor

Question 27

Self-actualization requires first of all that individuals be aware of their own feelings; without such self-awareness they can never know themselves or their

A) family members.
B) extended social network.
C) inner creativity.
D) innate potential.

Question 28

Personality disorganization occurs when people find themselves in highly conflicting roles. Sources of personality disorganization include which of the following?

A) An abrupt change in roles
B) Failure to be adequately trained in a role
C) An sudden move to a new environment
D) All of these

Question 29

Early experiences of newborns and even unborn fetuses can have profound effects on mental abilities. Malnutrition, sensory deprivation, and social isolation have profound effects on

A) personality development.
B) brain development.
C) social skills development.
D) fine motor development.

Question 30

The process by which an individual internalizes the values, attitudes, and judgments of others is

A) personality.
B) submission.
C) socialization.
D) orientation.

Question 31

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, once an individual satisfies the physiological and safety needs, social needs become dominant. The individual then seeks which of the following?

A) Group acceptance
B) Friendships
C) Intimacies
D) All of these

Question 32

Symptoms of addiction include which of the following?

A) An overwhelming, destructive pattern of compulsion for substance or behavior
B) Greater tolerance required for satisfaction
C) Secretive behaviors
D) All of these

Question 33

Schizophrenia is one of the most debilitating mental illnesses. It is characterized by all but which of the following?

A) Convulsions
B) Distorted thinking
C) Hallucinations
D) Delusions

Question 34

_________ describes the idea that learning occurs within the relationship between human behavior and the outcomes of those behaviors.

A) Observational learning
B) Operant conditioning
C) Individual behavior
D) Conditioned response

Question 35

Cognitive theorists assert that differences in personality are the result of differences in how individuals mentally represent information derived from their environment, including the

A) appearance of others.
B) behavior of others.
C) feedback of others.
D) success of others.

Question 36

Biological psychologists are interested in the impact of genetics on personality and the hereditability of traits. Which of the following personality traits has NOT been identified in genetic research?

A) Shyness
B) Risk taking
C) Benevolence
D) Aggressiveness

Question 37

An MD who specializes in the treatment of mental disorders is called a

A) clinical psychologist.
B) psychiatrist.
C) psychological counselor.
D) social worker.

Question 38

Social psychologists view interpersonal interaction as the critical determinant of personality development. An individual develops an awareness of self only by interactions

A) through social media.
B) with non-human animals.
C) with the environment.
D) with other humans.

Question 39

From the point of view of humanistic psychology, the ultimate power of the individual might be regarded as the ability to achieve

A) meeting ones physiological and safety needs.
B) a life goal.
C) balanced social and physiological needs
D) self-actualization.

Question 40

Neglected and abused children have smaller brains than normal children and fewer neuronal connections. These conditions are associated with which of the following later problems?

A) Language
B) Cognitive
C) Emotional
D) All of the above are true.

Question 41

________ twins score more alike on standard personality tests than ________ twins.

Question 42

The characteristic way of behaving or the characteristic enduring and organized pattern of thought, emotion, and behavior is called _________.

Question 43

Summarize the findings of the University of Minnesota study of identical twins.

Question 44

Synthesize the major impacts of genetics and environment on the development of personality, intelligence, and sexuality.

Question 45

Discuss the reason that many social psychologists believe that interpersonal-interaction theory provides a basis for the treatment of personality disorders.

Question 46

Explain how to establish a conditioned stimulus-response linkage.

Question 47

Explain the humanists' beliefs about the need to self-actualize.

Question 48

Generally, people are said to have a _________ when they feel distressed by their condition, and it impairs their ability to pursue their normal functions in life.

Question 49

An approach to psychology that asserts that only observable behavior can be studied is called __________.

Question 50

Today, most research on personality employs the _________ approach.

Question 51

The stress of poverty may precipitate psychological disorders. Which disorder does poverty often precipitate among women who live in poverty?

A) Alcoholism
B) Obesity
C) Depression
D) Diabetes

Question 52

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is the psychological consequence of having experienced which of the following?

A) A recurring dream about the death of a loved one
B) An extraordinarily stressful event
C) A suicidal ideation
D) None of these

Question 53

How are personality and individual responses to power linked?

Question 54

Compare and contrast the approaches used in social psychology and humanistic psychology to understand personality development.

Question 55

The most common and treatable mental illness, major and minor depression, affects 8 million to 14 million Americans each year. Depression is characterized by which of the following?

A) Sadness
B) Helplessness
C) Hopelessness
D) All of these

Question 56

Explain how drug therapy has had a revolutionary impact on mental health care.

Question 57

What are the primary findings from the sociological study of psychological disorders?

Question 58

Traditional psychoanalysis is a therapy based on the Freudian notion that mental illness is most often a product of

A) traumas in early socializing experiences.
B) unconscious conflicts.
C) a childhood without adequate nurturing.
D) subconscious dreams about conflict.

Question 59

Psychological disorders appear to vary by ethnicity and gender. Men are much more likely than women to suffer

A) alcohol abuse and dependence.
B) depression at the loss of a job.
C) violent reactions to role changes.
D) all of these

Question 60

Explain why humanistic psychology is said to represent a reaction against behaviorism and psychoanalytic theory.

Question 61

Describe the developmental process of the authoritarian personality, and identify and describe the characteristics associated with this personality type.

Question 62

Describe Maslow's hierarchy of needs. Given cognitive psychology and other subfields in psychology that are emphasizing the genetic influence on behavior, does Maslow's theory still warrant attention? Why or why not?

Question 63

Contrast the approaches to treatment used in humanistic and drug therapies. What are the advantages to the patient for each type of approach?

Question 64

Which type of approach-or combination of approaches-would be most effective in treating mental illness in an individual with an authoritarian personality?

Question 65

Discuss the similarities between the theories of Rollo May and Marx regarding the harmful effects that come with feelings of powerlessness.

Question 66

Explain why poverty may be the real factor affecting ethnic differences in mental disorders. How could this information be used to inform public policy regarding prevention and treatment of depression in women and alcoholism in men who live in poverty?