Deck 23: Understanding Diversity: Systematics

Question 1

The original two Kingdoms that were established to organize living organisms were:

A) Protista and Animalia.
B) Eukaryotae and Prokaryotae.
C) Plantae and Animalia.
D) Plantae and Eukarya.
E) Eubacteria and Eukarya.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

What is the correct format for the scientific name of corn?

A) zea Mays
B) Zea Mays
C) Zea mays
D) Zeamays
E) zea mays

Answer 2

C

Question 3

__________ developed the binomial system of nomenclature.

A) Charles Darwin
B) Carolus Linnaeus
C) Gregor Mendel
D) Paul Hebert
E) Ernst Haeckel

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Which one of the kingdoms include producers, composers, and consumers ?

A) Animalia
B) Archae
C) Protista
D) Plantae
E) Fungi

Question 5

Taxonomy is the science of:

A) making new biological species.
B) generating cladograms that represent evolutionary relationships between organisms.
C) naming, describing, and classifying organisms.
D) conserving biodiversity.
E) comparing macromolecules to assess evolutionary relationships.

Question 6

The classification scheme of Linnaeus was originally based on __________, but has now been altered to reflect __________.

A) similarities; structural differences
B) biodiversity; structural similarity
C) evolutionary history; structural similarity
D) similarities; evolutionary history
E) differences; similarities

Question 7

Humans depend on other organisms to provide all of the following except:

A) soil.
B) declining biodiversity.
C) pharmaceuticals.
D) a balance in atmospheric CO₂ and O₂.
E) recycling of nutrients.

Question 8

Which classification level would be the most inclusive?

A) genus
B) family
C) phylum
D) order
E) class

Question 9

Some biologists are considering adopting a different classification scheme based on common ancestors called:

A) BioDiversity.
B) the biological BarCode.
C) the phylogical guide.
D) the molecular blueprint.
E) PhyloCode.

Question 10

Closely related or similar species are grouped into a single:

A) class.
B) phylum.
C) order.
D) genus
E) family.

Question 11

In the late 1970s Woes argued that prokaryotes account for two of the three major branches of organisms because:

A) prokaryotes carry on photosynthesis.
B) the genome of methane producing bacteria has been completed.
C) eukaryotes are assigned to super groups.
D) of differences in sequence analysis of 16sRNA of different group of prokaryotes.
E) there are molecular similarities among Archaea, Bacteria, & Eukarya .

Question 12

The term clade most closely refers to:

A) a class.
B) a group of organisms that share common characteristics inherited from a common ancestor.
C) a mechanism of horizontal gene transfer.
D) a subspecies of organisms does not include a subgenus.
E) the binomial system of classification.

Question 13

In 1969 RH Whittaker proposed a 5 kingdom classification based mainly on?

A) Size and color of cells
B) Ability to reproduce and develop
C) Cell structure and how an organism derived nutrition
D) Electronic microscopy and biochemisrty
E) RNA sequence analysis

Question 14

In Linnaeus taxonomy closely species are assigned to the same genus , and closely related genera are grouped into

A) domains
B) phyla
C) classes
D) families
E) kingdoms

Question 15

The worldwide variety of organisms and ecosystems is termed:

A) biodiversity.
B) biomixtures.
C) ecodiversity.
D) biological multiplicity.
E) organismal diversity.

Question 16

Which classification level would be the most specific?

A) genus
B) family
C) phylum
D) order
E) class

Question 17

The scientific study of the diversity of organisms and the evolutionary relationships between them is referred to as:

A) taxonomy.
B) ecology.
C) biological classification.
D) evolutionary biology.
E) systematics.

Question 18

Which classification level would be the least inclusive?

A) genus
B) family
C) phylum
D) order
E) class

Question 19

Which classification level would contain the greatest number of species?

A) class
B) division or phylum
C) domain
D) family
E) order

Question 20

Zea mays is the scientific name of the corn plant.Zea is the __________ name.

A) class
B) division
C) genus
D) ordinal
E) species

Question 21

Humans, as well as other mammals ranging from mice to elephants, have hair.Hair, then, would be considered to be:

A) a derived character.
B) an ancestral character.
C) a cladistic character.
D) an analogous character.
E) a polyphyletic character.

Question 22

Molecular evidence indicating less than 50% shared genes was the basis for:

A) dividing the prokaryotes into two kingdoms, the Eubacteria and the Archaebacteria.
B) separating the kingdom Protista from the kingdom Animalia.
C) including algae and slime molds in the kingdom Protista.
D) the separation of eukaryotes and prokaryotes.
E) placing fungi in a separate kingdom.

Question 23

The classification level of domain is immediately "above" (more inclusive than) the level of a:

A) class.
B) genus.
C) kingdom.
D) phylum.
E) species.

Question 24

Which Kingdom contains the protozoa, water and slime molds, and algae?

A) Prokaryotae
B) Fungi
C) Protista
D) Animalia
E) Plantae

Question 25

Which of the following does NOT describe members of the Kingdom Fungi?

A) absorb nutrients produced by other organisms
B) possess cell walls
C) not photosynthetic
D) cells lack a nucleus
E) yeasts and mushrooms

Question 26

The first kingdom to be recognized beyond Plantae and Animalia was:

A) Archae.
B) Protista.
C) Eubacteria.
D) Archaebacteria.
E) Fungi.

Question 27

If a gene were transferred naturally by a bacterium from a plant genome to an insect genome, it would be an example of:

A) transgender activity.
B) genome shuffling.
C) horizontal gene transfer.
D) genome switching.
E) restriction.

Question 28

Early biologists classified living things into two kingdoms.Many biologists today recognize __________ kingdom(s).

A) one
B) two
C) three
D) six
E) twelve

Question 29

Most biologists recognize __________ domains.

A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6
E) 12

Question 30

Bacteria are found in the Kingdom:

A) Bacteria.
B) Fungi.
C) Protista.
D) Animalia.
E) Plantae.

Question 31

The evolutionary history of a group of organisms from a common ancestor is termed:

A) biohistory.
B) phylogeny.
C) phrenology.
D) phenetics.
E) species origenetics.

Question 32

Fungi may be differentiated from plants because fungi are:

A) photosynthetic.
B) all macroscopic.
C) all multicellular.
D) heterotrophic.
E) all prokaryotic.

Question 33

Bears and dogs are:

A) chordates.
B) mammals.
C) carnivores.
D) chordates and mammals.
E) chordates, mammals, and carnivores.

Question 34

An example of homoplastic structures is the wing of a butterfly and:

A) the wing of a moth.
B) the wing of a bird.
C) the antenna of the butterfly.
D) the legs of the butterfly.
E) the antenna of a moth.

Question 35

Sea snakes, which are reptiles, are similar in body form to eels, which are fish.Sea snakes and eels therefore demonstrate.

A) ancestral traits
B) divergent evolution
C) homologous traits
D) reversal
E) convergent evolution

Question 36

Which taxon has been assigned to a number of "supergroups" ?

A) Class Carnivora.
B) Order Carnivora.
C) Phylum Protists
D) Class Chordata.
E) Order Mammalia.

Question 37

Figure 23-1
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The taxonomic grouping that would represent the next highest (more inclusive) level above that represented in Figure 23-1 is:

A) Family.
B) Order.
C) Class.
D) Phylum.
E) Kingdom.

Question 38

Because whales breathe via lungs, have a little hair when born, and nurse their young, these __________ characters allow us to classify them as mammals.

A) plesiomorphic
B) homoplastic
C) cladistic
D) polyphyletic
E) derived

Question 39

Homoplastic structures are a result of __________ evolution.

A) convergent
B) divergent
C) the absence of
D) multiphyletic
E) derived

Question 40

An example of homologous structures is the wing of a bat and:

A) the arm of a human.
B) the wing of a beetle.
C) the tail of a whale.
D) the leg of a chimpanzee.
E) the dorsal fin of a shark.

Question 41

Figure 23-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
In Figure 23-2, the pair of organisms that have the most recent ancestor is:

A) 2 and 4.
B) 6 and 4.
C) 4 and 5.
D) 2 and 3.
E) 1 and 2.

Question 42

Shared ancestral characters may also be called:

A) heteroplastic characters.
B) synapomorphic characters.
C) plesiomorphic characters.
D) outgroups.
E) phenetic characters.

Question 43

A study of the genomes of dogs from around the world indicated that:

A) all dogs appeared to develop from a mixture of wolf and coyote.
B) all dogs appeared to evolve from a mixture of the jackal and the wolf.
C) all dogs appeared to evolve from a mixture of the wolf, jackal, and the coyote.
D) some dogs evolved from the coyote and some from the wolf.
E) the dogs' closest relative is the gray wolf

Question 44

Figure 23-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
All of the taxa in a monophyletic group can be called a:

A) division.
B) class.
C) clade.
D) phyla.
E) derivative.

Question 45

A(n) __________ character is a trait that has evolved relatively recently.

A) derived
B) ancestral
C) cladistic
D) homologous
E) polyphyletic

Question 46

When considering whales and dolphins, the relative absence of hair is considered a __________ character within mammals.

A) plesiomorphic
B) ancestral
C) synapomorphic
D) phenetic
E) cladistic

Question 47

Figure 23-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The organism labeled B in Figure 23-2 is a common ancestor to:

A) organism 2 only.
B) organism 3 only.
C) organism 5 only.
D) organism 6 only.
E) organisms 2, 3, 5 and 6.

Question 48

Figure 23-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
Shared homologous structures would indicate that two taxa are:

A) polyphyletic.
B) monophyletic.
C) outgroups.
D) in different clades.
E) homoplastic.

Question 49

Scientists using evolutionary systematics to construct a phylogenetic tree would use:

A) a combination of ancestral and derived characters.
B) the number of shared characters the organisms posses.
C) primarily polyphyletic groupings.
D) only derived characters.
E) only ancestral characters.

Question 50

When faced with multiple possible cladograms, the criteria of __________ is employed.

A) biodiversity
B) subtraction
C) evolutionary deduction
D) parsimony
E) cladology

Question 51

A taxon that includes all the descendants of an ancestor is called:

A) paraphyletic.
B) homophyletic.
C) monophyletic.
D) phenetic.
E) polyphyletic.

Question 52

A cladogram is based on:

A) homologous characteristics.
B) homoplastic characteristics.
C) polyphyletic taxa.
D) fossil evidence only.
E) derived characters only.

Question 53

Phylogenetic systematics produces branching diagrams called:

A) phylogenic trees.
B) cladistic trees.
C) phenograms.
D) molecular clocks.
E) cladograms.

Question 54

Figure 23-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
The phenetic system is based primarily on:

A) known evolutionary relationships.
B) fossil evidence.
C) the number of shared characteristics.
D) the number of ancestral characteristics.
E) both ancestral and shared characteristics.

Question 55

A cladist would attempt to classify organisms into __________ taxa.

A) paraphyletic
B) polyphyletic
C) derived
D) phenotypic
E) monophyletic

Question 56

Comparison of __________ has been recently used to support the hypothesis that fungi are more closely related to animals than to plants.

A) mitochondrial DNA sequences
B) mitochondrial tRNA sequences
C) ribosomal RNA sequences
D) ribosomal protein sequences
E) histone sequences

Question 57

Figure 23-2
Use the figure to answer the corresponding question(s).
In Figure 23-2, the taxon labeled II is:

A) monophyletic.
B) paraphyletic.
C) polyphyletic.
D) a clade.
E) an outgroup.

Question 58

A taxon that diverges earlier than the other taxa being considered in cladistic analysis is:

A) a homologous taxon.
B) an outgroup.
C) a derived taxon.
D) an Amphioxus.
E) a clade.

Question 59

The current class Reptilia is:

A) monophyletic.
B) paraphyletic.
C) polyphyletic.
D) heterophyletic.
E) phenetic.

Question 60

Scientists may compare similarities between nucleotide sequences of organisms to determine their evolutionary history.This is known as:

A) synapomorphy.
B) molecular systematics.
C) monophyletic grouping.
D) cladistics.
E) phenetics.

Question 61

MATCHING
Choose the best match for the definiton.
a.arranging organisms into groups based on similarities that show evolutionary relationshops
d.evolutionary ancestor of a group of organisms from a common ancestor
b.the scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships
e.group of organisms with a common ancestor
c.the science of naming, describing and classifying organisms
Describe the significance and relationship of the genus and species taxons.If there were not humans on earth to classify organisms, would species still exist?

Question 62

In vertical gene transfer genes move from one species to another species in the same generation.
_____________________

Question 63

MATCHING
Choose the best match for the definiton.
a.arranging organisms into groups based on similarities that show evolutionary relationshops
d.evolutionary ancestor of a group of organisms from a common ancestor
b.the scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships
e.group of organisms with a common ancestor
c.the science of naming, describing and classifying organisms
systematics

Question 64

The number of similarities in certain DNA or RNA nucleotide or amino acid sequences may be used as a molecular clock to indicate how much time has passed since the groups branched from a common ancestor.
__________________

Question 65

MATCHING
Choose the best match for the definiton.
a.arranging organisms into groups based on similarities that show evolutionary relationshops
d.evolutionary ancestor of a group of organisms from a common ancestor
b.the scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships
e.group of organisms with a common ancestor
c.the science of naming, describing and classifying organisms
cladogram

Question 66

Contrast the following terms: monophyletic, paraphyletic, and polyphyletic.Provide one example for each.

Question 67

Which of the following is an example of how "maximum likelihood" is used by systematists.

A) using the simplest explanation necessary to interpret the data
B) assigning humans and chimpanzees to a less inclusive taxon
C) using probability to determine that the nucleotide sequences in DNA and RNA change at a constant rate over time
D) establishing the membership in a clade using the phenetic approach
E) distinguishing shared ancestral characteristics and shared derived characters

Question 68

A characteristic that is independently acquired by reversal or convergent evolution exhibits homology.
_____________________

Question 69

A paraphyletic group consists of several evolutionary lines that do not share a common ancestor.
_____________________

Question 70

The similarity between the bodies of sharks and dolphins is an example of convergent evolution.

Question 71

MATCHING
Choose the best match for the definiton.
a.arranging organisms into groups based on similarities that show evolutionary relationshops
d.evolutionary ancestor of a group of organisms from a common ancestor
b.the scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships
e.group of organisms with a common ancestor
c.the science of naming, describing and classifying organisms
taxonomy

Question 72

Dolphins share synapomorphies with dolphins.
_____________________

Question 73

MATCHING
Choose the best match for the definiton.
a.arranging organisms into groups based on similarities that show evolutionary relationshops
d.evolutionary ancestor of a group of organisms from a common ancestor
b.the scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships
e.group of organisms with a common ancestor
c.the science of naming, describing and classifying organisms
phylogeny

Question 74

MATCHING
Choose the best match for the definiton.
a.arranging organisms into groups based on similarities that show evolutionary relationshops
d.evolutionary ancestor of a group of organisms from a common ancestor
b.the scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships
e.group of organisms with a common ancestor
c.the science of naming, describing and classifying organisms
classification

Question 75

Outgroup analysis looks for features that are shared derived characters in a given group of organisms.

Question 76

Membership in a clade cannot be established by shared ancestral traits alone.
_____________________

Question 77

MATCHING
Choose the best match for the definiton.
a.arranging organisms into groups based on similarities that show evolutionary relationshops
d.evolutionary ancestor of a group of organisms from a common ancestor
b.the scientific study of the diversity of organisms and their evolutionary relationships
e.group of organisms with a common ancestor
c.the science of naming, describing and classifying organisms
A new species of beetle is discovered.If you were a cladist, what steps might you take to classify this beetle? How might this approach be different if you were a pheneticist?

Question 78

Systematists use phylogenetic trees to graphically represent hypothesized evolutionary relationships among organisms.
_____________________

Question 79

Mammalia is a class the contains many phyla.
_____________________