Deck 12: Population and Environment

Question 1

As a result of the greater life expectancy of men, there are three men for every two women over the age of 65 in the United States.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Karl Marx's primary disagreement with Thomas Malthus was his insistence that society was not overpopulated but that wealth needed to be equally distributed.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

The Neo-Malthusian Paul Ehrlich argued in The Population Bomb that even those who have enough food will suffer the effects of ecosystem destruction and environmental pollution.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

The life expectancy of Americans was 58 years in 2011.

Question 5

Migration is the measurement of factors that encourage people to leave a habitat they already occupy.

Question 6

Although some 62 million people have moved from less to more developed nations, nearly as many have moved from one developing country to another.

Question 7

The "baby-bust cohort" represents the huge growth in population that took place during the high fertility period following World War II.

Question 8

The United States has the lowest infant mortality rate of all industrialized countries.

Question 9

Push and pull factors contribute to the large numbers of illegal immigrants entering the United States from Mexico.

Question 10

Human ecology looks at the relationships between humans and their human environment and institutions.

Question 11

According to Thomas Malthus, human beings have to continually deal with a paradox: the need for food and the passion between the sexes.

Question 12

All population change within a society can be reduced to two factors: births and deaths.

Question 13

Thomas Malthus stated that human population grows in arithmetic progression and food production grows in geometric progression; therefore, the food supply stays just ahead of population growth rates.

Question 14

Gender, age, race, religion, and national origin are among the components of what is termed population composition.

Question 15

A boom in the birth rate in Texas, Idaho, Florida, and Arizona is the biggest factor in these states' population growth.

Question 16

Richard Easterlin's work in charting population growth has shown that small generations typically produce large growth and large generations typically produce small growth.

Question 17

Class segregation-the separation between the rich and the poor-has been decreasing steadily since the 1970s.

Question 18

It takes an average of 2.1 children per woman of childbearing age for a modern population to reach the zero population growth level.

Question 19

Homography is the science dealing with the study of population size, distribution, and composition.

Question 20

The United States currently has a growth rate of 10 percent, which means the United States population will double in 100 years.

Question 21

The number of live births per 1,000 members of a population in a given year is the __________ rate.

A) crude birth
B) general fertility
C) age-specific fertility
D) fecundity

Question 22

The three classic models of city growth are the concentric circle model, edge cities, and the single nuclei model.

Question 23

Three schools of thought regarding fertility reduction were discussed in the text. These include family planning, improving industrialization, and coercion as means of curbing the birth rate.

Question 24

Demographic transition theory relates changes in birth and death rates to processes of modernization.

Question 25

More than half of the world's population now lives in cities.

Question 26

For most of the past 200 years, the largest cities in the world have been industrial urban centers in Europe and North America.

Question 27

The _________________ consists of all surrounding conditions and influences that affect an organism or a group or organisms.

A) society
B) behavioral sink
C) ecosystem
D) environment

Question 28

Native Americans are the most segregated minority group in the United States.

Question 29

Many industrialized nations are experiencing population declines and depend on immigration for population growth. A notable exception is ______________, where population increase within the country and immigration both contribute to population growth.

A) Sweden
B) Germany
C) the United States
D) Japan

Question 30

Functionalists emphasize that human beings must become more sensitive to the consequences of their actions on the environment to avoid damaging the "Spaceship Earth."

Question 31

Descriptive decline refers to a deterioration in city services and social amenities of urban life.

Question 32

China's one-child policy has resulted in an imbalance in the sex ratio, with girls outnumbering boys at birth and the disparity increasing with time.

Question 33

The three factors that determine population change within a given society are

A) births, accidental deaths, and homicides.
B) births, deaths, and immigration.
C) births, deaths, and emigration.
D) births, deaths, and migrations into or out of the society.

Question 34

Cities constitute a relatively recent development in human history; before the domestication of plants and the husbandry of animals, human beings did not live together in large groups.

Question 35

Global warming ranks very high in terms of public concern.

Question 36

On a daily basis, each U.S. citizen uses more than five times the amount of energy calculated to be the worldwide average per capita.

Question 37

In 2011, world population had reached

A) 2 billion
B) 5 billion
C) 7 billion.
D) 9 billion.

Question 38

A relatively stable community of organisms with interlocking relationships and exchanges with one another and their natural habitat is called a(n)

A) society.
B) behavioral sink.
C) environment.
D) ecosystem.

Question 39

________________ is the science dealing with the size, distribution, composition, and changes in population.

A) Sociology
B) Ecology
C) Demography
D) Homography

Question 40

By 2015, most of the largest urban areas will be in the developing world.

Question 41

Thomas Malthus argued that population

A) increases arithmetically, while food supply increases geometrically.
B) increases in parallel fashion, while food supply increases arithmetically.
C) increases geometrically, while food supply increases arithmetically.
D) should be checked by artificial birth control.

Question 42

The potential number of children that could be born if every woman of childbearing age bore all the children she possibly could is called

A) fertility.
B) the child-woman ratio.
C) the crude birth rate.
D) fecundity.

Question 43

According to demographer Richard Easterlin,

A) small generations typically produce large generations, and large generations typically produce smaller ones.
B) members of smaller birth cohorts recognize the benefits of a small population and thus have fewer children.
C) smaller birth cohorts may experience more competition for jobs when they enter the work force.
D) because of a "contagion effect," members of larger birth cohorts have large families themselves and perpetuate the increasing population growth.

Question 44

Low agricultural productivity and low commodity prices in Mexico are examples of ___________ factors in migration patterns.

A) pull
B) neutral
C) negative
D) push

Question 45

The number of deaths among infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births is called the

A) crude death rate.
B) age-specific death rate.
C) infant morbidity rate.
D) infant mortality rate.

Question 46

The average number of children per woman of childbearing age required for a modern population to replace itself without immigration is called the level of

A) fertility.
B) fecundity.
C) zero population growth.
D) demographic transition.

Question 47

The average number of children per woman of childbearing age required for a modern population to replace itself without immigration is

A) 1.0.
B) 2.1.
C) 3.0.
D) 5.2.

Question 48

The highest life expectancy rates in the world are found in

A) the United States, Canada, and Australia.
B) the United Kingdom.
C) Spain, Portugal, and France.
D) Japan, Hong Kong, and San Marino.

Question 49

The boom in population in the western part of the United States is due primarily to

A) declining death rates resulting from better medical care.
B) internal migration.
C) a rapidly growing birth rate.
D) the demographic transition.

Question 50

In 2011, the infant mortality rate in the United States

A) was the lowest in the world.
B) was 80 per 1,000.
C) was higher than that of many other industrialized nations.
D) was higher than the rate in developing countries.

Question 51

The baby-boom-echo generation is

A) the generation born just after World War II.
B) a group consisting of those babies born to the baby boom generation.
C) represented by the tiny base of the 1990 population pyramid.
D) a consequence of the Social Security dependency ratio.

Question 52

A striking feature of the 2010 population pyramid for India is

A) the bulge that represents the baby boom.
B) the larger population of males than of females.
C) the larger population of females than of males.
D) the fact that there are so many more elderly people than young people.

Question 53

Movement of people from one nation to another is called

A) international migration.
B) immigration.
C) emigration.
D) internal migration.

Question 54

Fertility rates provide us with information about

A) the actual reproductive patterns of a society.
B) the potential number of babies that might possibly be born.
C) how often people adopt babies.
D) the number of women in a society who are unable to reproduce.

Question 55

Migration is usually a burden in terms of costs and loss of social networks, so migrants are usually

A) older.
B) less educated.
C) better off economically.
D) less ambitious than others.

Question 56

Comparatively high American wages have served as a _____________ factor contributing to the illegal immigration patterns of people from Mexico.

A) pull
B) push
C) neutral
D) positive

Question 57

The __________ rate is the increase or decrease per 1,000 members of the population in a given year that results from people entering or leaving a society.

A) demographic reduction
B) emigration
C) net migration
D) immigration

Question 58

The difference between births and deaths, plus the difference between immigrants and emigrants, per 1,000 population is known as the

A) demographic transition rate.
B) fecundity rate.
C) growth rate.
D) net migration rate.

Question 59

The annual number of live births per 1,000 women between the ages of 15 and 44 is the

A) crude birth rate.
B) age-specific birth rate.
C) general fertility rate.
D) fecundity rate.

Question 60

A population pyramid shows the distribution of

A) minorities in a population.
B) population by age and sex.
C) population by income.
D) population by occupation.

Question 61

A relatively dense and permanent concentration of people who secure their livelihood chiefly through nonagricultural activities is a

A) city.
B) society.
C) corporation.
D) suburban area.

Question 62

The size of preindustrial cities was restricted by all but which of the following?

A) threats from neighboring cities
B) the absence of modern medicine and sanitation
C) the lack of sidewalks and streets
D) poor transportation

Question 63

According to Neo-Malthusian Paul Ehrlich,

A) Malthus was wrong when he suggested that there could be too many people in the world and too little food.
B) Marx was right about the need for a conflict between the rich and poor.
C) those who have enough food may nevertheless suffer the effects of ecosystem destruction and pollution.
D) as long as we are able to produce enough food for the world's population, we will avoid any problems associated with population growth.

Question 64

The _________ model of urban development was originated in and represented by the city of Chicago.

A) concentric circle
B) sector
C) multiple nuclei
D) "doughnut structure"

Question 65

The primary processes fostering the development of the global city are

A) the development of global "villages" within the city to house people of various nationalities.
B) invasion by immigrants and organization by natives.
C) the dispersal of routine jobs coupled with the concentration of managerial and financial operations and services.
D) suburbanization and exurbanization.

Question 66

According to the __________ perspective, governments fashion policies designed to produce changes in demographic behavior.

A) developmentalist
B) coercion
C) societalist
D) family planning

Question 67

Karl Marx viewed population size as relative to the

A) demand for resources.
B) supply of food.
C) availability of employment opportunity.
D) family structure.

Question 68

A major problem with the family planning approach to population reduction is that it

A) forces people to be sterilized.
B) assumes that people want to have fewer children.
C) argues for economic development first, then birth control.
D) sees offspring as a form of social security.

Question 69

Important to the emergence of cities was the

A) domestication of plants.
B) death of the suburb.
C) discovery of uranium.
D) invention of the subway system.

Question 70

Giving advantages in housing, taxes, scholarships, and recreation to single as opposed to married people illustrates a __________ to population reduction.

A) family planning approach
B) developmentalist approach
C) societalist approach
D) coercive approach

Question 71

According to the __________ strategy, fertility is a pattern of behavior tied closely to the institutional and organizational structure of society.

A) family planning
B) societalist
C) coercion
D) developmentalist

Question 72

A megalopolis is

A) sociological terminology for a city.
B) the same thing as a metropolis.
C) a "strip city" in which urban development has filled the areas between metropolitan centers.
D) not a structure that is found in the United States.

Question 73

The stages of demographic transition include

A) high potential growth followed by transitional growth and then population stability.
B) population stability followed by transitional growth that leads to high potential growth.
C) population stability followed by slow growth that gradually accelerates.
D) high potential growth that crashes abruptly and then comes to equilibrium.

Question 74

Thomas Malthus focused primarily on the antagonism between the human need for food and

A) the inability of humans to grow enough.
B) the social classes.
C) the "passion between the sexes."
D) their dislike of contraception.

Question 75

According to demographic transition theory, the primary factor that affects growth rates is

A) the desire for sex.
B) the process of modernization.
C) the fact that humans are so likely to migrate.
D) fecundity.

Question 76

According to Sassen, changes in the world economy are transforming major urban centers into what she calls the

A) modern Mesopotamia.
B) global city.
C) megalopolitan sprawl.
D) behavioral sink.

Question 77

The theory of urban development that emphasizes wedge shapes extending from the center to the periphery is called the

A) concentric circle model.
B) sector model.
C) multiple nuclei model.
D) original zone model.

Question 78

Global cities are characterized by

A) a classless society in which everyone is relatively wealthy.
B) a society with no ethnic or racial divisions.
C) a society with a class of highly paid managers and professionals and another class of low-wage laborers.
D) a classless society with no dominant language or dominant nationality.

Question 79

Demographers John Knodel and Etienne van de Walle studied the relationship between development and birth rate in the historical record of European fertility. Which of the following was NOT one of the sources of information they used?

A) novels
B) church registers
C) published censuses
D) magazine articles

Question 80

The developmentalist strategy for population reduction is based on

A) a family planning device.
B) demographic transition theory.
C) coercion.
D) a passive-resistance approach.