Deck 1: Introduction

Question 1

Studies of bias in the design of psychological research indicate that_______.

A) males are disproportionately represented as participants
B) females are disproportionately represented as participants, reflecting a fascination with the "mysteriousness" of women
C) a disproportionate amount of research has been done on disturbed women
D) males and females tend to be represented equally as participants

Answer 1

males are disproportionately represented as participants

Question 2

Using a single-gender sample and then interpreting the results as if they were true of all people is an example of ______.

A) the error of overgeneralization
B) a problem with imprecise psychological measurement
C) a particular kind of observer effect
D) a tendency to stereotype

Answer 2

the error of overgeneralization

Question 3

The term for a variety of conditions in which a person is born with genitals or reproductive anatomy that are not typical of females or males is _______.

A) transgender
B) cisgender
C) gender binary
D) intersex

Answer 3

intersex

Question 4

The ______ is a system of conceptualizing gender as having two distinct and opposing groups or kinds, male and female.

A) gender binary
B) gender positivism
C) gender epistemology
D) gender identity

Question 5

A study that compares two groups--males and females--on aggressive behavior is an example of a(n) ______.

A) experimental design
B) quasi-experimental design
C) case study
D) correlational study

Question 6

______ is the term for the belief that women should be honored, put on a pedestal, and viewed as pure beings who should be protected.

A) Benevolent sexism
B) Hostile sexism
C) Neosexism
D) Feminism

Question 7

In one study of adolescent girls' experiences with sexism, ______.

A) 23% had been discouraged in math, science, or computers by teachers and 32% had been discouraged by boys in these areas.
B) the results indicated that experiences of sexism are rare today.
C) 80% had been discouraged by teachers in math, science, or computers.
D) girls were more likely to receive discouraging messages from teachers than from boys.

Question 8

Bias that recognizes a person's birth-assigned gender but not their gender identity is known as ______.

A) sexism
B) genderism
C) cisgenderism
D) identity bias

Question 9

Intersectionality is defined as _______.

A) a part of feminist theory
B) another term for modern sexism
C) an approach that simultaneously considers the meaning and consequences of multiple categories of identity
D) both a part of feminist theory and an approach that simultaneously considers the meaning and consequences of multiple categories of identity

Question 10

A definition of "psychological measurement" is

A) the process of assigning numbers to characteristics of people
B) quantitative research
C) qualitative research
D) an experiment

Question 11

"Feminist" can be defined as ______.

A) a person who wants more power for women
B) a person who favors more rights for women than for men
C) a person who conforms to the traditional role for women
D) a person who favors political, economic, and social equality of all people, regardless of gender

Question 12

Negative, resentful attitudes toward women and adversarial beliefs about gender relations are also known as ______.

A) neosexism
B) hostile sexism
C) benevolent sexism
D) feminism

Question 13

The term "gender" refers to______.

A) the culturally imposed roles of males and females
B) the state of being male, female, both male and female, or neither male or female
C) social construction
D) biological aspects of masculinity and femininity

Question 14

A research error in which the results are said to apply to a broader group than the one sampled is called ______.

A) sampling bias
B) probability sampling
C) observer effect
D) overgeneralization

Question 15

Enrica had female anatomy at birth, was raised as a girl, and has a female identity. Enrica is a ______.

A) trans woman
B) heterosexual woman
C) cis woman
D) intersex woman

Question 16

In one study of experiences with sexism among adolescent girls, ______.

A) the results indicated that experiences of sexism are rare today.
B) girls were more likely to receive discouraging messages from boys than from teachers.
C) girls were more likely to be encouraged in math, science, or computers.
D) boys were more likely to be discouraged in athletics.

Question 17

Today, old-fashioned sexism has been replaced by more covert or subtle prejudiced beliefs about women, also known as ______.

A) hostile sexism
B) benevolent sexism
C) modern sexism
D) ambivalent sexism

Question 18

Modern sexism involves which of the following?

A) a denial that there is continuing discrimination against women
B) antagonistic feelings about women's "demands"
C) resentment about perceived special favors granted to women
D) all of these

Question 19

Professor Garcia is conducting research on conceptualization of femininity among African American women, Latinx women, Asian American women, Native American women, and White women. Professor Garcia is applying an approach called _______.

A) experimental design
B) overgeneralization
C) intersectionality
D) cross-sectionality

Question 20

"Sexism" can be defined as ______.

A) harassment on the basis of gender
B) discrimination or bias against people based on their gender
C) men's negative attitudes toward women
D) women's negative attitudes toward men

Question 21

If a researcher expects to get gender differences in a study in which observations of preschool children's aggression are made, the researcher tends to find gender differences. This is an example of ______.

A) Freudian bias
B) observer effects
C) publication bias
D) bias in choice of participants

Question 22

Ensuring both male and female researchers collect data is an example of ______.

A) critiquing the gender binary
B) single-gender research
C) intersectionality
D) gender-fair research

Question 23

A Freudian researcher sets out to collect data to document the existence of penis envy in women. This is an example of ______.

A) a biased theoretical model
B) experimenter effects
C) female deficit model
D) Both a biased theoretical model and experimenter effects

Question 24

Feminist scholars advocate which approach for overcoming problems of bias in theoretical models and stereotyped research questions?

A) perform better-controlled experiments
B) go to the community of people to be studied and ask them what the significant questions are
C) ask feminists what the important questions are
D) use Freudian theory

Question 25

An interpretation of research results in which women's behavior is seen as unfavorable compared to men's is an example of ______.

A) a female deficit model
B) a psychoanalytic interpretation
C) gynocentrism
D) interpreter effect

Question 26

Using the word "man" to refer to not only a male person, but to people in general, is an example of ______.

A) feminism
B) the male as normative
C) overgeneralization
D) cisgenderism

Question 27

"Androcentrism" can be defined as ______.

A) male-centeredness
B) female-centeredness
C) equality of the genders
D) none of these

Question 28

A researcher interviewed 45 African American women about their experiences of sexual objectification in order to study bias based on gender, race, and class. This is an example of ______.

A) quantitative research
B) qualitative research
C) experimental research
D) correlational research

Question 29

Eve, in the Biblical story of Adam and Eve, is an example of which recurring historical theme?

A) a feminine evil
B) the virgin
C) the Madonna
D) polyandry

Question 30

Feminist researchers would endorse which of the following research practices?

A) performing single-gender research
B) asking participants to designate their gender identity using their own words
C) conducting the majority of psychological research in a lab
D) thinking in terms of Variable A causing effects on Variable B

Question 31

The technical procedure that is generally used to guard against observer effects is a ______.

A) experiment
B) natural observation
C) laboratory study
D) blind study

Question 32

A male psychologist is interested in finding out whether there are gender differences in a certain personality characteristic. He administers a paper-and-pencil test of this characteristic to a group of male and female students and then checks statistically to find out whether there are gender differences. Which one of the following biases is likely to be present in that research?

A) experimenter effects
B) biased theoretical model
C) all of these
D) none of these

Question 33

Feminist research psychologists are critical of traditional psychology's ______.

A) insistence on naturalistic research
B) assumption that psychological research is objective and value-free
C) reliance on all-female samples
D) over-emphasis on the importance of race and ethnicity

Question 34

A researcher finds that women interrupt men fewer times than men interrupt women in mixed-gender groups. The researcher concludes that this indicates that women lack assertiveness. This is an example of ______.

A) an unbiased interpretation
B) a female deficit interpretation
C) feminist methods
D) a psychoanalytic interpretation

Question 35

The historical theme "male as normative" means ______.

A) the male is seen as "normal," the female as a variant or deviation
B) the male is considered the Other
C) the female is often created first in creation myths
D) none of these

Question 36

It has been shown that the researcher's gender may affect the outcome of research. This is an example of ______.

A) biased theoretical models
B) biased interpretation of results
C) an experimenter effect
D) an observer effect

Question 37

A researcher on gender differences finds that females estimate that they will get fewer points on a test than males estimate they will get. The researcher concludes that this indicates that women are lacking in self-confidence. This is an example of ______.

A) bias in choice of participants
B) experimenter effects
C) biased interpretation of results
D) publication bias

Question 38

A researcher uses observation as a method to study gender differences in helping behaviors among preschool. The researcher expects to find more helping behaviors from girls and ends up observing more helping behaviors from girls than boys. This might be an example of ______.

A) benevolent sexism
B) biased theoretical model
C) observer effects
D) none of these

Question 39

"Feminist research" may be defined as ______.

A) research done by feminists
B) objective and value-free
C) research growing out of feminist theory, which seeks radical reform of traditional research methods
D) impossible because research must be objective and feminism introduces bias

Question 40

"Qualitative research methods" can be defined as ______.

A) studying behavior by converting it to numbers
B) making naturalistic observations
C) collecting data that are often text, talk, or images
D) conducting laboratory experiments

Question 41

Feminist research devotes specific research attention to the special concerns of women and members of marginalized groups.

Question 42

The United States of America ranks 3rd on the Gender Inequality Index (GII).

Question 43

Feminism is a political movement and ideology as well as a theoretical perspective.

Question 44

The Equal Rights Amendment to the U.S. Constitution was passed by both the House and the Senate in 1972.

Question 45

Describe one criticism of second-wave feminism.

Question 46

Compare and contrast hostile sexism and benevolent sexism and give examples of each.

Question 47

Single-gender research is an example of gender-fair research.

Question 48

Give an example of gender equality in one of the following spheres: education, politics, economics, and health.

Question 49

Define sexism.

Question 50

Explain the importance of conducting gender-fair research.

Question 51

Gender differences and gender similarities are ______.

A) equally important
B) unnecessary in gender research
C) difficult to study
D) unbiased

Question 52

Both traditional psychologists and feminist psychologists view research as an interaction between a researcher and participant, shaped by cultural context.

Question 53

Experimenter effects may be a source of bias.

Question 54

The Gender Inequality Index (GII) measures country-level gender equality.

Question 55

The basic position of "social constructionism" is ______.

A) based in objective reality
B) that people do not discover reality; rather, they construct or invent it
C) people actively construct meanings for events in the environment based on their own experiences
D) both that people do not discover reality; rather, they construct or invent it and people actively construct meanings for events in the environment based on their own experiences

Question 56

A researcher completes a study and finds that on average, men scored higher on an algebra test than the women. His interpretation is that men are better at math than women. This interpretation was based on the female deficit model.

Question 57

Define feminist.

Question 58

A feminist researcher would prefer to call people who are studied "subjects" rather than "participants."

Question 59

The feminist goal of gender equality has not yet been met.

Question 60

A research study that compares two or more groups of participants on their response to a treatment without randomly assigning the participants to the treatment conditions is considered______.

A) a true experimental design
B) a quasi-experimental design
C) an unethical experimental design
D) none of these

Question 61

First, describe each of the four waves of feminism. Then compare and contrast them in terms of their respective time periods, theories, and social and political issues.