Deck 11: Attachment to Others and Development of Self

Question 1

Parental sensitivity does NOT involve

A) responding quickly to the needs of a crying baby.
B) smiling, laughing, and making sounds at a baby.
C) being emotionally available.
D) inconsistency in responding to an infant.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Which behavior is an indication that an infant has a sense of self?

A) making independent movements
B) crying
C) separation distress
D) talking

Answer 2

C

Question 3

To assess self-esteem, researchers generally do NOT ask children about

A) how they feel about themselves in general.
B) their perceptions of their academic ability.
C) their perceptions of their social acceptance.
D) their parents' expectations of them.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Noticing discrepancies between one's own performance and others' performance is founded on

A) social comparison.
B) self-esteem.
C) overconfidence.
D) an adolescent sense of self.

Question 5

Mary Ainsworth's laboratory test used for measuring infants' attachment to their caregivers is referred to as the

A) Strange Situation.
B) Internal Working Model.
C) Reciprocity Test.
D) Stranger Interaction Test.

Question 6

Which factor was found to be a predictor of secure attachment by the SECCYD?

A) type of childcare
B) number of childcare arrangements
C) quality of childcare
D) maternal sensitivity

Question 7

It is common for sexual-minority youth to experience their first same-sex attraction between the ages of

A) 2 and 5.
B) 5 and 10.
C) 10 and 15.
D) 15 and 20.

Question 8

Michael is an adolescent whose parents have always expected him to become a lawyer. Without considering any other options throughout high school or college, Michael applies to law school. Erikson would say Michael has made what type of identity choice?

A) confusion
B) foreclosure
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 9

An individual's mental representation of the self, of attachment figures, and of relationships in general that is based on early experiences with caregivers is referred to as his or her

A) attachment security.
B) personal fable.
C) internal working model.
D) identity.

Question 10

Research has found that adult use of inflated praise is

A) harmful for children who have low self-esteem.
B) most effective with children who have low self-esteem.
C) harmful for children who have high self-esteem.
D) not effective with children who have high self-esteem.

Question 11

After a period of exploration, Mario has made decisions regarding occupation, beliefs and ideals, and sexuality. His sense of identity is coherent and consolidated. Mario would be classified into which identity-status category?

A) foreclosure
B) positive
C) moratorium
D) achievement

Question 12

According to the Human Rights Campaign (2018), in the United States, _____ states have enacted anti-bullying laws that protect LGBTQ students.

A) 5
B) 12
C) 19
D) all

Question 13

Which factor has NOT been shown to be associated with the quality of infants' attachment?

A) maternal trauma
B) socioeconomic status
C) specific genes
D) number of children in the family

Question 14

Which statement about sexual-minority youth is NOT true?

A) Poor outcomes for sexual-minority youth are likely more attributable to being victimized and harassed than to the same-sex attraction itself.
B) Sexual-minority youth have higher reported rates of attempted suicide than do heterosexual youth.
C) Sexual-minority youth and heterosexual youth tend to have the same level of feelings of control in their romantic relationships.
D) Having sexual-minority friends is considered an important source of social support for sexual-minority youth.

Question 15

From an evolutionary standpoint, attachment is similar to which mechanism?

A) imprinting
B) development of the id
C) theory of mind
D) identification

Question 16

Which milestone is NOT an indication that a child has a sense of self?

A) experiencing embarrassment
B) recognizing self in the mirror
C) attempting to set own goals in opposition to parents' goals
D) imitating others' facial expressions

Question 17

Which of these is NOT a social or psychological problem that sexual-minority youth are at an increased risk for experiencing?

A) negative affect
B) depression
C) drug use
D) high academic achievement

Question 18

Which statement regarding a 3-year-old child's sense of self is TRUE?

A) It involves comparisons of themselves with others.
B) It includes global views of themselves that are not directly tied to specific behaviors.
C) It is focused on observable features.
D) It involves others' evaluations of them.

Question 19

Which behavior during the Strange Situation is characteristic of infants who are classified as insecure/avoidant?

A) ignoring mother when she returns to room
B) displaying severe distress when mother leaves room
C) clinging to mother rather than playing with toys
D) while playing, looking back to check on mother

Question 20

Which statement is TRUE about the coming-out process for sexual-minority youth?

A) Same-sex attraction is experienced by middle childhood.
B) Identity integration is eventually attained.
C) Self-identification as a sexual-minority member occurs prior to engagement in same-sex sexual activity.
D) Sexual-minority youth usually "come out" to a friend, peer, or sibling prior to parents.

Question 21

When asked to describe himself, Marcus says, "I have a lot of friends because I am fun to be with and I stand up for my friends. I am pretty smart in reading, but I feel kind of dumb in science because all of the other kids get better grades on their tests than I do. Even though I don't study as much as I should, and I am not as fast a runner as the other kids, other kids like me and I like myself." Marcus is MOST likely to be how old?

A) 3 years
B) 7 years
C) 10 years
D) 14 years

Question 22

Which of these refers to the relationship and experiences a child has that are linked with their cultural ancestry, religion, or native language?

A) ethnicity
B) race
C) culture
D) identity

Question 23

Harlow and colleagues' studies with infant rhesus monkeys reared in isolation demonstrated that, compared to monkeys reared normally with their mothers, those reared in isolation and then placed with other monkeys

A) rose into leadership positions.
B) died early of unusual infections.
C) were unable to communicate effectively with other monkeys.
D) had intense attachments to the other monkeys.

Question 24

Interventions to prevent insecure attachment are geared toward

A) parents.
B) children.
C) both parents and children.
D) social environments.

Question 25

Compared with children who were insecurely attached as infants, children who were securely attached as infants do NOT demonstrate

A) more social competence.
B) less anxiety and depression.
C) better ability to understand other's emotions.
D) increased anxiety and depression.

Question 26

A person's preference in regard to males and females as objects of erotic feelings is referred to as

A) ethnic identity.
B) sexual orientation.
C) gender identity.
D) sex.

Question 27

In the Strange Situation, baby Jacob plays actively with the toys in the room, occasionally looking back to check on his mother, is mildly distressed when his mother leaves the room, and is easily comforted by her return. Jacob falls into which attachment category?

A) disorganized/disoriented
B) insecure/resistant
C) secure
D) insecure/avoidant

Question 28

Bowlby proposed that attachment

A) occurs toward the first moving person an infant sees.
B) is rooted in evolution.
C) is necessary for identity development.
D) has at its center the notion of a needy, dependent infant.

Question 29

What did Charles Cooley conceive of as the "looking glass self"?

A) Individuals perceive their level of physical attractiveness as how they appear in the mirror.
B) Individuals are unable to see themselves realistically.
C) Individuals' self-esteem is a function of how others perceive them.
D) Individuals' peer acceptance is a function of how physically attractive they are.

Question 30

What has been demonstrated by research on the links between specific genes and attachment behaviors?

A) There is no clear evidence linking genes and attachment.
B) Insecure attachments, but not secure attachments, have a strong genetic component.
C) Certain genes cause individuals to be more sensitive to the quality of the environment.
D) Links between adult attachment and infant attachment are a result of shared genetics.

Question 31

Which parenting practice is associated with more mature identity formation?

A) control
B) warmth
C) discouraging individuality
D) monitoring

Question 32

Ava is an adolescent who is particularly likely to rely on her parents to make important life decisions for her, and she feels very strongly that it is important to obey authority. Ava is MOST likely to have which identity status?

A) diffusion
B) moratorium
C) foreclosure
D) achievement

Question 33

Attachment theorists believe that the MOST important contributor to the development of a secure attachment is

A) parental sensitivity.
B) physical contact between parent and child.
C) infant temperament
D) continuous, uninterrupted attention by the parent.

Question 34

Yana is a 9-year-old biracial girl. Which of the following is she MOST likely to report as being an essential part of her identity?

A) her ethnicity
B) her race
C) her gender
D) her sex

Question 35

Which parental characteristic is LEAST likely to be associated with high self-esteem in children?

A) rigid
B) accepting
C) firm
D) involved

Question 36

Which factor MOST impedes researchers' ability to fully understand the association between attachment security during infancy and later functioning?

A) difficulty with conducting longitudinal studies
B) the stable nature of the quality of parent
child interactions
C) developmental changes in attachment characteristics
D) changes in family dynamics over the course of the child's development

Question 37

Which behavior is NOT considered an indicator that a child has a developing sense of self?

A) displaying separation distress
B) demonstrating joint attention
C) turning toward a noise
D) showing happiness when controlling objects

Question 38

The majority of middle-class infants in the United States fall into which attachment category?

A) insecure/avoidant
B) disorganized/disoriented
C) secure
D) insecure/resistant

Question 39

Mary Ainsworth concluded that the quality of infant attachments can be determined by looking at

A) infant reactions to separations from the caregiver and the infant's use of the caregiver as a secure base.
B) infant smiling directed at the caregiver and caregiver nonverbal communication toward the infant.
C) mutual verbal and nonverbal communication between the infant and the caregiver.
D) the infant's use of the caregiver as a secure base and smiling versus crying in the presence of the caregiver.

Question 40

Self-esteem refers to one's

A) sense of identity.
B) evaluation of the self.
C) overall evaluation of the self and the feelings about that evaluation.
D) feelings about oneself.

Question 41

As adolescents move into late adolescence, their sense of self is more likely to

A) place an emphasis on others' perceptions of them.
B) involve confusion about contradictions in the self.
C) reflect internalized values.
D) focus on parental expectations.

Question 42

Which statement is NOT true of the SECCYD?

A) The study measured characteristics of children's families and their childcare settings.
B) The study measured children's attachment to their mothers using the Strange Situation procedure.
C) The study measured the parents' social, economic, and health status.
D) The study measured the quality of the mother's interactions with the children.

Question 43

Hina is a young adolescent. If asked to describe herself, which statement is she LEAST likely to say?

A) "I just don't understand why sometimes I am so nice and other times I am so mean."
B) "I don't have that many friends."
C) "I have more friends than Kate because she isn't as nice a person as I am."
D) "I can be a real introvert sometimes."

Question 44

One's sense of oneself as a sexual being is referred to as

A) sexual identity.
B) ethnic identity.
C) gender identity.
D) sex.

Question 45

The self-concept refers to one's

A) physical appearance.
B) thoughts and attitudes about oneself.
C) personality and intelligence.
D) comparison to others.

Question 46

Which behavior would NOT be exhibited during the Strange Situation by an infant who is classified as disorganized/disoriented?

A) displaying fearful smiles while approaching mother
B) demonstrating severe distress when mother leaves room
C) clinging to mother rather than playing with toys
D) failing to greet the mother during reunions and ignoring her while she is in the room

Question 47

The SECCYD found that 15-month-olds in childcare were likely to experience which form of attachment to their caregivers?

A) disorganized/disoriented
B) insecure/resistant
C) secure
D) insecure/avoidant

Question 48

The group of individuals that is LEAST likely to achieve a coherent identity includes those

A) who have parents who emphasize autonomy.
B) whose parents exert psychological control.
C) who attend high-quality schools.
D) whose culture instructs them to set their own goals.

Question 49

Who is MORE likely to have a less consistent ethnic identity?

A) Amanda, who is white
B) Juan, who currently lives in the United States but is originally from Brazil
C) Marcellus, who is African American
D) AviYah, whose mother is white and father is African American

Question 50

What prompted the study of parent child attachment?

A) interviews with parents of children with Down syndrome.
B) observations of children growing up in orphanages during World War II.
C) studies of aggression in pets.
D) an analysis of children who were physically abused by their parents.

Question 51

In 2017, hate crimes against sexual-minority youth made up _____ of all hate crimes in the United States.

A) 5%
B) 8%
C) 16%
D) 24%

Question 52

Which statement demonstrates that parental sensitivity and secure attachment in children are causally related?

A) Parents who respond to their children's cries quickly are more likely than other parents to have children with secure attachments.
B) Children who are temperamentally easy are more likely to have secure attachments to their caregivers.
C) Parents who are taught to be responsive to their irritable children are more likely than parents who are not taught this to have children who are securely attached.
D) Adults who were securely attached to their parents during their childhood are more likely than other adults to have children with secure attachments.

Question 53

_____ is/are used to test whether toddlers have a sense of self.

A) The Strange Situation
B) Children's reactions when their own arm movements control movement of a mobile
C) Placing rouge on a child's face before placing the child in front of a mirror
D) Personal fables

Question 54

Aspects of childcare were related to attachment security when children experienced

A) risks in the childcare context.
B) risks in the home context.
C) risks at both childcare and home contexts.
D) risks neither at childcare nor the home contexts.

Question 55

The use of interventions regard to self-awareness with children who have ASD indicates that

A) children with ASD can be taught how to interact with others.
B) children with ASD can be guided into developing empathy for others.
C) children with ASD can be guided into having greater self-awareness.
D) interventions are largely ineffective.

Question 56

Infants who approach their mothers and also regard them as a source of fear are considered to have which type of attachment?

A) disorganized/disoriented
B) insecure/resistant
C) secure
D) insecure/avoidant

Question 57

It is most likely that children will begin to identify with their ethnic or racial group between the ages of

A) 2 and 4.
B) 3 and 6.
C) 5 and 8.
D) 7 and 10.

Question 58

The concept of the personal fable refers to adolescents' inclination to

A) lie to their parents.
B) boast about their abilities.
C) regard their feelings as unique and special.
D) believe they are invincible.

Question 59

About _____ of sexual and gender-minority youth report hearing positive messages about being sexual and gender minorities in their school.

A) 2%
B) 9%
C) 13%
D) 27%

Question 60

Insecure/resistant infants are also referred to as

A) avoidant.
B) ambivalent.
C) disorganized.
D) secure.

Question 61

Deborah, an adolescent, is preoccupied with how she appears to other people. She feels like everyone notices her and her every behavior. This feeling is referred to as

A) a belief in an imaginary audience.
B) a personal fable.
C) a belief in the all-important self.
D) egocentric.

Question 62

An individual's identity does NOT involve

A) beliefs and values.
B) sexuality.
C) career goals.
D) evaluation of the self.

Question 63

Research suggests that, in comparison to young adults exploring commitments in breadth, those exploring commitments in depth tend to be more

A) likely to have unprotected sex.
B) open to experience.
C) prone to negative emotionality.
D) conscientious.

Question 64

When the presence of a trusted caregiver provides an infant or toddler with the ability to explore the environment, the child is using the caregiver as a

A) security object.
B) dependent attachment figure.
C) secure base.
D) working model.

Question 65

Which statement is TRUE of ethnic-minority youth and their ethnic identity?

A) The final status of ethnic identity for all minority individuals is ethnic-identity achievement.
B) Higher levels of ethnic identity are generally associated with behavioral problems.
C) The development of a bicultural identity can provide some benefits.
D) Lessening of commitment to the ethnic group is considered part of ethnic-identity achievement.

Question 66

Kayla, age 15 years, and her mother need to go to the store. Her mother is ready to go and is waiting on Kayla. Kayla is in the bathroom fixing her makeup and making sure her clothes look good. She knows that everyone at the store will notice her and will be watching her every move. This idea is an example of

A) imaginary audience.
B) personal fable.
C) social comparison.
D) self-concept.

Question 67

Which description would NOT apply to the self-concept of a typical late elementary school child in comparison to the self-concept of a typical preschool child?

A) more complex
B) based to a greater extent on peer relationships
C) more likely to involve positive illusions of abilities
D) more likely to include social comparisons

Question 68

_____ refers to physical characteristics of an individual.

A) Ethnicity
B) Race
C) Culture
D) Identity

Question 69

Compared with children who were insecurely attached as infants, children who were securely attached as infants are more likely to demonstrate

A) intensely close romantic relationships as adults.
B) anxiety and depression.
C) concern for others.
D) social withdrawal

Question 70

The personal fable is a form of

A) sense of self.
B) identity.
C) coping mechanism.
D) egocentrism.

Question 71

Mark is heterosexual. This is his

A) ethnic identity.
B) sexual orientation.
C) gender identity.
D) sex.

Question 72

In 2017, _____ was the motivation for 10% of all hate crimes in Canada.

A) ethnic identity
B) sexual orientation
C) gender identity
D) sex

Question 73

This intervention targets parenting behavior and encourages parents to reflect on their own mental representations of how parents and children should interact. Parents are then guided by a therapist to change any maladaptive representations.

A) Circle of Security
B) Attachment and Biobehavioral Catch-Up
C) Circle of Attachment
D) A-Z

Question 74

The process of adjusting to a new culture while retaining some aspects of one's culture of origin is referred to as

A) a bicultural identity.
B) sexual minority status.
C) gender identity development.
D) acculturation.

Question 75

Which statement is NOT part of Bowlby's conception of the primary caregiver as a secure base?

A) It enables a child to learn about the world.
B) It is a source of entertainment and learning.
C) It provides a sense of assurance.
D) It serves as a safe place when an infant feels scared.

Question 76

As children enter adolescence, they tend to increasingly rely on which influence to evaluate themselves?

A) peer evaluations
B) parental evaluations
C) teacher standards
D) internalized standards

Question 77

The belief, stemming from adolescent egocentrism, that everyone else is focused on the adolescent's appearance and behavior is known as

A) imaginary audience.
B) personal fable.
C) social comparison.
D) self-concept.

Question 78

Which attachment category is often associated with infants whose mothers exhibit abusive behavior?

A) insecure/resistant
B) secure
C) disorganized/distressed
D) insecure/avoidant

Question 79

Which piece of evidence is the BEST support for the causal effect of infant attachment security on later social functioning?

A) Children who are securely attached as infants are more likely than other children to be socially and emotionally competent.
B) When security of attachment changes because of stress in the home, parent
Child interactions at the time are associated with social and emotional competence at that age.
C) Children who had a secure attachment during infancy are more socially and emotionally competent in middle childhood than are other children.
D) There is no association between infant attachment security and social functioning.

Question 80

Attachments are

A) enduring emotional bonds formed by children to their primary caregivers.
B) compulsive needs of children to hold security items, such as pacifiers and blankets.
C) connections between siblings that are maintained throughout the life span.
D) qualities that are central to one's identity.