Deck 1: Introduction to Statistics

Question 1

A ______________ is the complete collection of all measurements or data collected, whereas, a _____________ is a subcollection of members selected from the complete collection.

A) population; sample
B) sample; population
C) sample; census
D) population; parameter

Answer 1

A

Question 2

Determine whether the given value is a discrete or continuous variable. People are asked to state how many times in the last month they visited their family doctor.

A) Continuous
B) Discrete

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Correlation does not imply _____________

A) Linearity
B) Bias
C) Causation
D) Significance

Answer 3

C

Question 4

On a test, 74% of the questions are answered correctly many questions are on the test?

A) 37 questions
B) 67 questions
C) 150 questions
D) 82 questions

Question 5

Determine whether the given description corresponds to an experiment or an observational study. A stock analyst selects a stock from a group of twenty for investment by choosing the stock with the greatest earnings per share reported for the last quarter.

A) Experiment
B) Observational study

Question 6

What type of data values are quantitative and the number of values is finite or countable?

A) Interval
B) Discrete
C) Categorical
D) Continuous

Question 7

A management survey for a company surveyed 235 employees. 44.7% of the employees surveyed were females. The number of males would be ___________________.

A) 130
B) 105
C) 13
D) Unable to determine

Question 8

The four levels of measurement that are commonly used for classifying data are ratio, ________, ________, and ________.

A) interval, normal, ordinary
B) nominal, ordinal, interval
C) nominal, ordinal, categorical
D) normal, ordinal, interval

Question 9

A psychology student wishes to investigate differences in political opinions between business majors and political science majors at her college. She randomly selects 100 students from the
260 business majors and 100 students from the 180 political science majors. Does this
Sampling plan result in a random sample? Simple random sample? Explain.

A) Yes; yes. The sample is random because all students have the same chance of being
Selected. It is a simple random sample because all samples of size 200 have the same
Chance of being selected.
B) No; yes. The sample is not random because political science majors have a greater
Chance of being selected than business majors. It is a simple random sample because
All samples of size 200 have the same chance of being selected.
C) No; no. The sample is not random because political science majors have a greater
Chance of being selected than business majors. It is not a simple random sample
Because some samples are not possible, such as a sample consisting of 50 business
Majors and 150 political science majors.
D) Yes; no. The sample is random because all students have the same chance of being
Selected. It is not a simple random sample because some samples are not possible,
Such as a sample consisting of 50 business majors and 150 political science majors.

Question 10

Determine which of the four levels of measurement is most appropriate. Students' grades, A, B, or C, on a test.

A) Interval
B) Nominal
C) Ordinal
D) Ratio

Question 11

Identify which type of sampling is used. The name of each contestant is written on a separate card, the cards are placed in a bag, and three names are picked from the bag.

A) Simple Random
B) Cluster
C) Convenience
D) Stratified
E) Systematic

Question 12

Determine whether the given value is from a discrete or continuous data set. The time it takes a computer to complete a task.

A) Continuous
B) Discrete

Question 13

A tax auditor selects every 1000th income tax return that is received. Identify which of these types of sampling is used.

A) Stratified
B) Systematic
C) Simple Random
D) Cluster
E) Convenience

Question 14

Determine whether the given value is a statistic or a parameter. Thirty percent of all dog owners poop scoop after their dog.

A) Statistic
B) Parameter

Question 15

Identify the type of observational study used. A town obtains current employment data by polling 10,000 of its citizens this month.

A) Prospective
B) Retrospective
C) Cross-sectional
D) None of these

Question 16

Identify which type of sampling is used. To avoid working late, a quality control analyst simply inspects the first 100 items produced in a day.

A) Systematic
B) Stratified
C) Convenience
D) Cluster
E) Simple Random

Question 17

There are many potential pitfalls that can cause problems when analyzing data. Which of these choices are not classified as a potential pitfall?

A) Order of survey questions
B) Nonresponse
C) Self-reported data
D) Measured data

Question 18

A _______________ is the collection of data from every member of the population

A) sample
B) census
C) placebo
D) statistic

Question 19

An education expert is researching teaching methods and wishes to interview teachers from a particular school district. She randomly selects ten schools from the district and interviews all of the teachers at the selected schools. Does this sampling plan result in a random sample?
Simple random sample? Explain.

A) No; no. The sample is not random because teachers in small schools are more likely
To be selected than teachers in larger schools. It is not a simple random sample
Because some samples are not possible, such as a sample that includes teachers from
Schools that were not selected.
B) Yes; yes. The sample is random because all teachers have the same chance of being
Selected. It is a simple random sample because all samples have the same chance of
Being selected.
C) Yes; no. The sample is random because all teachers have the same chance of being
Selected. It is not a simple random sample because some samples are not possible,
Such as a sample that includes teachers from schools that were not selected.
D) No; yes. The sample is not random because teachers in small schools are more likely
To be selected than teachers in larger schools. It is a simple random sample because
All samples have the same chance of being selected.

Question 20

Researchers collect data by interviewing athletes who have won Olympic gold medals from 1992 to 2016. Identify the type of study.

A) Retrospective
B) Cross-sectional
C) Prospective
D) None of these

Question 21

Determine which of the four levels of measurement is most appropriate. Students' grades of A, B, or C, on a test. A )R a t i o B )O r d i n a l C )N o m i n a l D )Interval

Question 22

Determine whether the given description corresponds to an observational study or an experiment. A political pollster reports that his candidate has a 10% lead in the polls with 10% undecided.

A) Experiment
B) Observational study

Question 23

Determine which level of measurement is appropriate. A sample of children's balls are classified from softest to hardest.

A) Interval
B) Ordinal
C) Ratio
D) Nominal

Question 24

A gardener has 75 clients, 45% of whom are businesses. Find the number of business clients.

A) 41 clients
B) 34 clients
C) 36 clients
D) 73 clients

Question 25

The similarity between an ordinal level of measurement and an interval level of measurement is that _______________.

A) Both can be arranged in some order
B) Differences between data values cannot be determined or are meaningless
C) Differences between data values can be determined and are meaningful
D) Neither can be arranged in some order

Question 26

Determine which of the four levels of measurement is most appropriate. Level of satisfaction of survey respondents.

A) Ratio B ) N o m i n a l
C) Interval D ) Ordinal

Question 27

Identify which type of sampling is used. numbers, then interviews the voters corresponding to those numbers.

A) Convenience
B) Systematic
C) Cluster
D) Random
E) Stratified

Question 28

Which type of experiment separates subjects into groups that are similar but differ in ways that might affect the outcome of the experiment?

A) Completely randomized design
B) Randomized block design
C) Matched pairs design
D) Rigorously controlled design

Question 29

A marijuana survey included 1610 responses from a list of approximately 241,500,000 adults in the U.S. from which every 150,000th name was surveyed. Identify which of these types of sampling is used:

A) Stratified
B) Cluster
C) Convenience
D) Systematic
E) Simple random

Question 30

Determine whether the given value is a statistic or a parameter. After taking the first exam, 15 of the students dropped the class. A )S t a t i s t i c
B) Parameter

Question 31

The good design of experiments includes blinding, _____________, and __________________.

A) replication; voluntary response samples
B) internalization; randomization
C) replication; experimentation
D ) replication; randomization

Question 32

In a cross-sectional study, data are _____________

A) observed, measured, and collected at one point of time
B) observed, measure, and collected over a period of time
C) collected from a past time period
D) collected in the future from groups that share common factors

Question 33

Identify which type of sampling is used. A research team wants to study the demographics of college students in the U.S. using proportionate samples of students in majors reflecting actual U.S. percentages.

A) Convenience
B) Cluster
C) Stratified
D) Simple random
E) Systematic

Question 34

Determine which level of measurement is appropriate. Salaries of college professors

A) Interval
B) Ordinal
C) Ratio
D) Nominal

Question 35

A marketing firm does a survey to find out how many people use a product. Of the one hundred people contacted, fifteen said they use the product. Identify the type of study used.

A) Experiment
B) Observational study

Question 36

Determine whether the given description corresponds to an observational study or an experiment. A doctor gives a new medication to half of his patients with the flu and a placebo to the other half of his patients with the flu.

A) Observational study
B) Experiment

Question 37

Identify the type of study used. A town obtains current employment data by polling 10,000 of its citizens this month.

A) Cross-sectional
B) Prospective
C) Retrospective
D) None of these

Question 38

Identify which type of sampling is used. A tax auditor selects every 1000th income tax return that is received.

A) Stratified
B) Convenience
C) Random
D) Cluster
E) Systematic

Question 39

Which of the following does not apply to the ratio level of measurement?

A) Can be arranged in order
B) Differences between data values can be found and are meaningful
C) Cannot be arranged in order
D) There is a natural zero starting point

Question 40

Which of the following is an inappropriate way to deal with missing data?

A) Delete cases with missing data
B) Substitute missing values
C) Determine if missing values are random
D) Ignore missing data

Question 41

The table shows the weights (in pounds)and monthly incomes (in dollars)of nine randomly selected women between the ages of 18 and 65. If we use statistical methods to conclude that there is a correlation (or relationship or
association)between the weights of women and their monthly incomes, can we conclude
that by increasing her weight a woman can increase her monthly income?

Question 42

At a school there are two different math classes for children of the same age. have different teachers. The school principal is interested in gauging the effectiveness of two
different teaching methods and asks each teacher to try one of the methods. At the end of the
semester both classes are given the same test and the results are compared. In this experiment,
what is the variable of interest? Give some examples of variables which could be confounding
variables.

Question 43

Identify the sample and population. Also, determine whether the sample is likely to be representative of the population. An employee at the local ice cream parlor asks three
customers if they like chocolate ice cream.

Question 44

Form a conclusion about statistical significance. Do not make any formal calculations. Either use the results provided or make subjective judgments about the results.
Last year, the average math SAT score for students at one school was 475. The headmaster
introduced new teaching methods hoping to improve scores. This year, the mean math SAT
score for a sample of students was 481. Is there statistically significant evidence that the new
teaching method is effective? If the teaching method had no effect, there would be roughly a 3
in 10 chance of seeing such an increase. Does the result have statistical significance? Why or
why not? Does the result have practical significance?

Question 45

Why do you think that cluster sampling is frequently used in practice?_

Question 46

Use critical thinking to develop an alternative conclusion. A study shows that the number of reported sexually transmitted diseases was significantly higher for high schools that offered
courses in sex education than for high schools that did not. Conclusion: The introduction of
sex education courses at the high school level has resulted in increased promiscuity among
teens.

Question 47

Would an observational study or an experiment be more appropriate to investigate the effects on humans of a substance known to be toxic? Explain.

Question 48

A coach uses a new technique in training middle distance runners. The times, in seconds, for 8 different athletes to run 800 meters before and after this training are shown below. Does the conclusion that the technique is effective appear to be supported with statistical
significance? Does the conclusion that the technique is effective appear to have practical
significance?

Question 49

Explain what is meant by the term "confounding," and give an example of an experiment in which confounding is likely to be a problem.

Question 50

Identify the sample and population. Also, determine whether the sample is likely to be representative of the population. A study is interested in whether men and women are equally
likely to vote Democratic, Republican or Independent or not vote in a presidential election.
Results were polled through a popular news website.

Question 51

Would an observational study or an experiment be more appropriate to investigate the effects on fertilizer on plant growth? Explain.

Question 52

Given the data in the table, what issue can be addressed by conducting a statistical analysis of the values?

Question 53

Why is cluster sampling frequently used in practice?

Question 54

Subscribers of the women's magazine Cosmopolitan are asked to participate in a survey about preferred cereals for breakfast. Are the results likely to be representative of all women? Of all
subscribers of Cosmopolitan? Why or why not?

Question 55

Distinguish between categorical and quantitative data. Give an example of each

Question 56

Explain why using self-reported data instead of measured data is a potential pitfall in data collection. Be sure to include an example.

Question 57

"38% of adults in the United States regularly visit a doctor". This conclusion was reached by a college student after she had questioned 520 randomly selected members of her college.
What is wrong with her conclusion?

Question 58

A lawyer surveyed a simple random sample of his colleagues and asked them whether they were left-handed or right-handed. Is this convenience sample likely to provide results typical
of all adults in the United States? Do convenience samples in general provide good results?

Question 59

Explain the difference between stratified and cluster sampling.

Question 60

A teacher was interested in knowing how much tax people pay in the United States. selected a simple random sample of her friends and asked them about their taxes. Is this
sample likely to be representative of all adults in the United States?