Deck 4: Probability and Sampling

Question 1

The simplest scale of measurement is a:

A) ordinal scale
B) nominal scale
C) interval scale
D) ratio scale

Answer 1

nominal scale

Question 2

Confounding variables primarily threaten the __________ of a study.

A) external validity
B) internal validity
C) reliability
D) third variable

Answer 2

internal validity

Question 3

The difference between an independent variable and a quasi-independent variable is that the quasi-independent variable lacks

A) random assignment.
B) parsimony.
C) validity.
D) reliability.

Answer 3

random assignment.

Question 4

A variable that affects the results of the study, but is not a variable of interest in the study is called an) _____________ variable.

A) independent
B) dependent
C) subject
D) confounding

Question 5

A quasi-independent variable is the same as

A) a subject variable.
B) an independent variable.
C) a dependent variable.
D) a confounding variable.

Question 6

When different observers of behavior record the behavior in a similar way, the measure is said to have good

A) inter-rater reliability.
B) test-retest validity.
C) construct validity.
D) parsimony.

Question 7

Measuring intelligence using the score on an IQ test is an example of

A) reliability.
B) an operational definition.
C) an independent variable.
D) maturation.

Question 8

Getting better on a task in a study with practice can cause a source of bias called

A) maturation.
B) testing effects.
C) regression toward the mean.
D) mortality.

Question 9

Suppose that a participant completes a task in a research study faster than he or she would have completed the task outside the study i.e., in their natural surroundings). This would be an example of

A) regression toward the mean.
B) maturation.
C) a history effect.
D) the Hawthorne effect.

Question 10

Time measured in minutes is an example of an) _______________ scale.

A) interval
B) ordinal
C) nominal
D) ratio

Question 11

People in a grocery store are asked to sample three types of energy drinks and then indicate which one they liked best and which they liked least i.e., they rank ordered the drinks). The dependent variable in this study is measured on a __________ scale.

A) interval
B) ratio
C) ordinal
D) nominal.

Question 12

Suppose that on average, you tend to score about 83% on exams in your courses. Scoring a 95% on the first exam in a course and 84% on the second exam in that course is an example of

A) The Hawthorne effect.
B) maturation.
C) regression toward the mean.
D) attrition.

Question 13

Suppose a psychologist developed a test to measure intelligence, but this test was poorly developed and really only measured how well people perform on standardized tests in other words, it doesn't actually measure intelligence). This test would lack

A) inter-rater reliability.
B) test-retest validity.
C) construct validity.
D) parsimony.

Question 14

Temperature measured in Fahrenheit or Celsius is an example of an) _________ measurement scale.

A) nominal
B) ordinal
C) interval
D) ratio

Question 15

An independent variable that includes three different types of treatments is called an) ___________ variable.

A) amount
B) bivalent
C) multivalent
D) subject

Question 16

Having different participants in a study experience conditions in different orders is called

A) counterbalancing.
B) regression toward the mean.
C) random assignment.
D) attrition.

Question 17

If I set my alarm to read 8:10 when it is really 8:00 i.e., it is 10 min fast) and the alarm goes off each day when it reads 8:10, it will be ___________ but not ___________.

A) valid; reliable.
B) reliable; valid.
C) accurate; testable.
D) parsimonious; falsifiable.
(e) falsifiable; parsimonious.

Question 18

Testing effects are particularly problematic for ___________________ designs.

A) quasi-experimental
B) within-subjects
C) between-subjects
D) bivalent

Question 19

Independent variables can be manipulated according to

A) presence/absence of treatment.
B) type of treatment.
C) amount of treatment.
D) all of the above.

Question 20

The solution to experimenter bias is to use an) ____________ design.

A) double-blind
B) single-blind
C) experimental
D) correlational

Question 21

A common interval scale is the Likert Scale, where respondents are asked how much they agree or disagree with a statement on a 1 to 5 or a 1 to 7 scale.

Question 22

When the effectiveness of a drug is tested, the treatment group typically receives a placebo to equate beliefs of effectiveness of treatment across groups

Question 23

Placebo effects can be an issue when multiple testing sessions occur in a study.

Question 24

Experimenter bias occurs when in a study a researcher inadvertently treats groups the same due to knowledge of the hypothesis for the study.

Question 25

Nominal scales are considered __________ data.

A) quantitative
B) bivalent
C) multivalent
D) qualitative

Question 26

Some examples of common quasi-independent variables used in psychological research include gender, age, personality types e.g., introverts and extroverts), and ethnicity.

Question 27

In a __________, both the participants and the researchers who interact with the participants do not know which participants are assigned to the different groups.

A) double-blind design
B) tri-blind design
C) multi-blind design
D) single-blind design

Question 28

A mono-blind design is used to combat effects of subjects' knowledge of their group assignment.

Question 29

"Regression Toward the Mean" means that extreme scores are not likely to recur.

Question 30

Demand characteristics can affect the validity of a study.

Question 31

Amount variables involve a manipulation of the amount of a factor in each level.

Question 32

If participants behave in a research study the way they would in their everyday lives, then the study has good external validity.

Question 33

_________ validity means that on the surface, a study or scale appears to be intuitively valid.

A) face
B) criterion
C) construct
D) interrater

Question 34

An independent variable that includes two levels is called an) ___________ variable.

A) amount
B) bivalent
C) multivalent
D) subject