Deck 13: Understanding Individual Behaviour

Question 1

The Big Five Model found that calm and secure workers performed better than nervous ones.

Answer 1

False

Question 2

Cognitive dissonance theory seeks to explain the correlated relationship between the affective, cognitive, and behavioral components of attitudes.

Answer 2

False

Question 3

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI®) lacks evidence to support its validity.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

A person who rates as being high in Machiavellianism would accomplish a task regardless of what it takes.

Question 5

Attitudes are evaluative statements concerning objects, people, or events.

Question 6

A low self-monitoring employee would not adjust well to self-sent signals, but would respond well to signals in his or her external environment.

Question 7

Individuals try to reconcile differing attitudes and align their attitudes and behavior so they appear rational and consistent.

Question 8

Research into the relationship between satisfaction and turnover shows that satisfied employees have lower levels of turnover while dissatisfied employees have higher levels of turnover.

Question 9

Turnover is the failure to report to work.

Question 10

Satisfied employees increase customer satisfaction and loyalty because they are more likely to be friendly, upbeat, and responsive.

Question 11

Studies of workers in the Middle East found that Lebanon and Morocco score highest on satisfaction.

Question 12

Whenever possible, a manager should put people who share cultural variables together in certain work settings to avoid miscommunication.

Question 13

In the Big Five Model, emotional security was positively related to job performance.

Question 14

People from Middle Eastern countries believe they can dominate their environment.

Question 15

One of the challenges in understanding organizational behavior is that it addresses issues that aren't obvious.

Question 16

Organizational behavior is primarily concerned with group interactions.

Question 17

U.S. workers are more likely to have an external locus of control than Iranian workers.

Question 18

Many management researchers believe that the impact of national culture on people's behavior is minimal.

Question 19

Employees with high self-esteem tend to be more satisfied with their jobs than those with low self-esteem.

Question 20

As in other parts of the world, studies in some Arab contexts have reaffirmed the positive relationship between job satisfaction and organizational commitment.

Question 21

Which of the following is associated with the study of individuals?

A) roles
B) norms
C) team building
D) perception

Question 22

In stereotyping, the observer's perception of others is influenced by the observer's own characteristics, rather than by those of the person observed.

Question 23

According to Holland's Typology, a realistic personality type might be well-suited to being an economist.

Question 24

Organizational behavior provides managers with considerable insights into hidden aspects of the organization, which include ________.

A) policies and procedures
B) strategies
C) informal interactions
D) structure

Question 25

A human resource director believes that married employees are more stable than single persons are. This is an example of the halo similarity.

Question 26

Research shows that only responsive actions to negative behaviors are needed.

Question 27

According to Holland's Typology, enterprising types tend to be self-confident, ambitious, energetic, and domineering.

Question 28

The "Arab millennial" generation can be defined as the individuals born from the late 1970s to 2000.

Question 29

One of the goals of organizational behavior is to ________ behavior.

A) identify
B) examine
C) influence
D) create

Question 30

Which of the following is not associated with the study of individuals?

A) roles
B) perception
C) motivation
D) attitudes

Question 31

According to Holland's Typology, farming is considered a conventional job type.

Question 32

Recent reports about Arab youth indicate that religion is important to many of them, and that their ties with religious institutions are getting stronger.

Question 33

Behavior is shaped by systematically reinforcing each successive step that moves the individual closer to the desired behavior

Question 34

The influence that models have on an individual is fully determined by attentional processes.

Question 35

A common behavior that is typically studied in organizational behavior is ________.

A) pay satisfaction
B) job satisfaction
C) risk taking
D) individualism

Question 36

If a manager thinks that all attractive employees are also productive employees, the manager is committing an error based on a halo effect.

Question 37

Organizational behavior focuses on group behavior and ________.

A) societal influences
B) individual behavior
C) departmental performance
D) financial performance

Question 38

Distinctiveness refers to whether an individual displays a behavior in many situations or whether it is particular to one situation.

Question 39

Attribution is a process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

Question 40

Operant conditioning argues that behavior is a function of its consequences.

Question 41

When someone chooses to act in a certain way, s/he is demonstrating the ________ component of their attitude.

A) cognitive
B) behavioral
C) practices
D) affective

Question 42

Because of globalization, managers are more interested in understanding the impact of ________ on people's behavior.

A) strategic alliances between Arab companies
B) national culture
C) satellite news channels (such as Al-Jazeera and Alarabiya)
D) regional economic blocs

Question 43

In the statement, "The highway is very busy at 5 p.m. and is scary to drive on, so I'll wait until 7 p.m. to go home," the phrase, "The highway is very busy," represents which component of an attitude?

A) behavioral
B) cognitive
C) affective
D) emotive

Question 44

The degree to which an employee identifies with a particular organization and its goals and wishes to maintain its membership in the organization is the employees' ________.

A) organizational commitment
B) global commitment
C) organizational citizenship
D) job involvement

Question 45

________ is employees' general belief that their organization values their contribution and cares about their well-being.

A) Organizational commitment
B) Cognitive dissonance
C) Perceived organizational support
D) Job involvement

Question 46

In the statement, "The highway is very busy at 5 p.m. and is scary to drive, so I'll wait until 7 p.m. to go home," the phrase, "so I'll wait until 7 p.m. to go home," represents which component of an attitude?

A) cognitive
B) affective
C) emotive
D) behavioral

Question 47

In the statement, "The highway is very busy at 5 p.m., and is scary to drive on, so I'll wait until 7 p.m. to go home," the word "scary" represents which component of an attitude?

A) affective
B) behavioral
C) cognitive
D) emotive

Question 48

________ is a performance measure of both efficiency and effectiveness of employees.

A) Job satisfaction
B) Turnover
C) Organizational citizenship behavior
D) Employee productivity

Question 49

Which of the following is true about organizationally committed and satisfied employees?

A) much higher pay levels
B) higher rates of cognitive dissonance
C) higher rates of voluntary turnover
D) lower rates of turnover and absenteeism

Question 50

The three components that make up an attitude are ________.

A) intention, opinion, and environment
B) knowledge, opinion, and individual history
C) traits, behavioral, and emotional
D) cognitive, affective, and behavioral

Question 51

What does research evidence suggest about the statement, "Happy workers are productive workers"?

A) We can say with some certainty that the correlation between satisfaction and productivity is fairly strong.
B) There is strong supportive evidence since the Hawthorne Studies.
C) It's false. Instead, productive workers are least happy.
D) There is no relationship between the two variables.

Question 52

________ is the failure to report to work.

A) Tardiness
B) Turnover
C) Negligence
D) Absenteeism

Question 53

Which of the following cases contains an element that may lead a politician to correct cognitive dissonance?

A) The politician will get reelected for ignoring the needs of the spotted owl.
B) The politician grew up in the city.
C) A politician does not really care if the spotted owl lives or becomes extinct.
D) The politician has the power to pass legislation to keep the spotted owl from extinction.

Question 54

The degree to which an employee identifies with his or her job or actively participates in it refers to the employee's ________.

A) organizational commitment
B) global commitment
C) job satisfaction
D) job involvement

Question 55

The component of attitude that is made up of beliefs and opinions is ________.

A) behavioral
B) practices
C) affective
D) cognitive

Question 56

The ________ component of attitude is based on emotions.

A) affective
B) practice
C) cognitive
D) behavioral

Question 57

The cognitive dissonance theory proposed that the desire to reduce dissonance is determined by ________.

A) awareness, status, and punishments
B) importance, influence, and rewards
C) stability, position, and power
D) economics, politics, and organizational structure

Question 58

Usually, the term attitude refers only to the ________ component.

A) behavioral
B) cognitive
C) emotive
D) affective

Question 59

What is not one way that workplace misbehavior shows up in organizations?

A) aggression
B) deviance
C) antisocial behavior
D) regression

Question 60

Studies in the Arab world found that workers in ________ scored highest on job satisfaction.

A) Lebanon and Morocco
B) Kuwait and Qatar
C) Oman and Jordan
D) Bahrain and Saudi Arabia

Question 61

The regular use of ________ can alert managers to potential problems and employees' intentions early enough to do something about them.

A) attitude surveys
B) job satisfaction surveys
C) attitude components
D) rewards

Question 62

If you are a person who dislikes taking time for precision work, such as completing tax returns, you would probably score high on what aspect of the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI®)?

A) extrovert
B) feeling
C) judgmental
D) intuitive

Question 63

A person who believes that "the ends justify the means" would describe a person who has a high level of what personality trait?

A) locus of control
B) self-monitoring
C) Machiavellianism
D) self-confidence

Question 64

The Big Five Model of personality includes all of the following except ________.

A) social interaction
B) conscientiousness
C) extroversion
D) agreeableness

Question 65

If you like yourself, then your personality would be described as having a(n) ________.

A) external locus of control
B) high self-esteem
C) low Machiavellianism score
D) internal locus of control

Question 66

Emotional intelligence has been shown to be ________.

A) positively related to job performance only in government agencies
B) positively related to job performance at all levels
C) negatively related to job performance in middle management only
D) negatively related to job performance at all levels

Question 67

In the Big Five Model of personality, ________ refers to the degree to which someone is good-natured, cooperative, and trusting.

A) agreeableness
B) extraversion
C) conscientiousness
D) emotional stability

Question 68

If your boss could be described as flexible, adaptable, and tolerant, he or she would probably score high on what aspect of the MBTI®?

A) feeling
B) perceptive
C) extrovert
D) sensing

Question 69

If you believe that you control your own destiny, then your personality would be described as having a(n) ________.

A) high self-esteem
B) high Machiavellianism score
C) internal locus of control
D) external locus of control

Question 70

________ is a personality trait that measures an individual's ability to adjust his or her behavior to external situational factors.

A) Locus of control
B) Self-monitoring
C) Machiavellianism
D) Self-esteem

Question 71

An individual who is high in ________ is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means.

A) Machiavellianism
B) risktaking
C) self-esteem
D) self-monitoring

Question 72

________ is the unique combination of psychological traits that describe a person.

A) Psychology
B) Intelligence
C) Personality
D) Behavior

Question 73

As a manager, if you prefer to have a harmonious work environment and dislike reprimanding your subordinates, you would probably score high on what aspect of the MBTI®?

A) sensing
B) intuitive
C) introvert
D) feeling

Question 74

A person who can adapt and adjust behavior to external factors has ________.

A) high self-monitoring
B) low self-esteem
C) internal locus of control
D) high risk-taking

Question 75

The MBTI® assesses style of making decisions as ________.

A) perceptive or judgmental
B) sensing or intuitive
C) agreeable or disagreeable
D) extrovert or introvert

Question 76

The MBTI® assesses preferences for decision making as ________.

A) feeling or thinking
B) extrovert or introvert
C) agreeable or disagreeable
D) sensing or intuitive

Question 77

A manager who takes very little time to make a decision probably has ________.

A) high self-esteem
B) high risktaking
C) external locus of control
D) low self-monitoring

Question 78

On the MBTI®, if you are a good planner, you would probably score high on ________.

A) judgmental
B) extrovert
C) thinking
D) intuitive

Question 79

Employees who have a high internal locus of control ________.

A) are more alienated from their work setting
B) exhibit more satisfaction with their jobs
C) are less involved in their jobs
D) blame their bosses for poor performance

Question 80

People with high self-esteem ________.

A) take fewer risks than others
B) are susceptible to external influence
C) have low expectations for success but are happy with themselves
D) choose more unconventional jobs