Deck 6: Infancy-Cognitive-Development

Question 1

Persons with Broca's aphasia speak slowly and laboriously.

Answer 1

True

Question 2

Babbling typically combines consonants and vowels.

Answer 2

True

Question 3

Across time, visual recognition memory remains a fairly stable trait.

Answer 3

True

Question 4

Before puberty, children suffering left hemisphere injuries frequently recover much of their speaking ability.

Question 5

Wyatt has learned that his round ball is called a toy. When Wyatt sees an orange or a grapefruit, he calls these toys as well. His thought process BEST represents

A) accommodation.
B) differentiation.
C) assimilation.
D) conceptualization.

Question 6

In the sixth substage of Piaget's sensorimotor period, external exploration is replaced by mental exploration.

Question 7

According to Piaget (1963), children's cognitive processes develop

A) in a slow, continuous way from childhood to adulthood.
B) in an orderly sequence, or series of stages.
C) primarily by age 7, after which no new cognitive development occurs.
D) through a developmental sequence that varies greatly for each child.

Question 8

The imitation reflex may contribute to caregiver-infant bonding and newborn survival.

Question 9

The mean length of utterance (MLU) is the average number of morphemes used in a sentence.

Question 10

Central to information-processing theory is the concept of the zone of proximal development.

Question 11

Five-month-old infants can understand basic computational concepts such as more and less.

Question 12

Infant IQ scores reliably predict adult IQ scores.

Question 13

Key biological structures that may provide the basis for the LAD are based in the right hemisphere for most people.

Question 14

Cognitive development has been found to occur in less discrete stages than Piaget believed.

Question 15

Words expressing movement are rarely found in children's early speech.

Question 16

By two months of age, infants have developed object permanence.

Question 17

Cognitive development in children is the process by which

A) children perceive and mentally represent the world.
B) intelligence is developed.
C) children learn to imitate others.
D) children learn strategies for developing short- and long-term memory.

Question 18

Infants prefer infant-directed speech rather than adult talk.

Question 19

Which theorist described children's attempts to learn about their environments as "experiments in order to see?"

A) Piaget
B) Vygotsky
C) Bronfenbrenner
D) Bandura

Question 20

Hazel got a puppy. She knows that puppies are animals. Her next-door neighbor has a cat. Hazel's mother tells her that both puppies and cats are animals. As a result, Hazel changes her scheme of animals to include cats. Changing a scheme to incorporate new information is called

A) assimilation.
B) reaction range.
C) augmentation.
D) accommodation.

Question 21

With coordination of secondary schemes,

A) the child can differentiate between how to achieve a goal and the goal itself.
B) the child is coordinating primary circular reactions.
C) the child engages in actions in a deliberate trial-and-error fashion to learn how things work.
D) the child is still engaging in most repetitions of behaviors by accident.

Question 22

By what age will a child demonstrate coordination of secondary schemes?

A) By 2-3 months
B) By 4-5 months
C) Not until 8-9 months
D) Not until 12-18 months

Question 23

Which is the BEST example of a simple reflex?

A) Reaching for a rattle
B) Purposefully searching under a blanket for a toy
C) Looking to see where your mother is
D) Turning toward the source of a loud noise

Question 24

By what age will a child demonstrate tertiary circular reactions?

A) By 2-3 months
B) By 4-5 months
C) By 8-9 months
D) Not until 12-18 months

Question 25

Can a 3-month-old child visually track objects?

A) No
B) Yes
C) Yes, but only if the object moves very slowly
D) Yes, but only if the object is very brightly colored

Question 26

During which stage of cognitive development would you witness a tertiary circular reaction?

A) Sensorimotor
B) Preoperations
C) Concrete operations
D) Formal operations

Question 27

Emma is 7 months old. She intentionally shakes a rattle so it will make a noise she likes. This is an example of

A) secondary circular reaction.
B) simple reflex.
C) primary circular reaction.
D) tertiary circular reaction.

Question 28

By the end of the primary circular reaction substage, Piaget's son Laurent was

A) discovering his hands by chance.
B) moving his hands in order to see them.
C) looking for toys that his father had hidden.
D) imitating his father's facial expressions.

Question 29

Which of the following is an example of a tertiary circular reaction?

A) Kala accidentally touches her nose with her thumb, it makes her laugh, she then repeats the action, and it makes her laugh again.
B) Jose turns toward the sound of the phone ringing.
C) Lorenzo kicks his mobile over and over because it makes it move.
D) After many tries, Megan turns her toy sideways and is able to pull it into the crib; now, whenever she wants the toy, she turns it sideways to pull it through.

Question 30

Amir is 10 months old. He is able to push one toy aside in order to reach another that he wishes to play with. He is also able to imitate the gestures and sounds his parents make when they play with him. This is an example of

A) primary circular reactions.
B) invention of new means through mental combinations.
C) schema assimilation.
D) coordination of secondary schemes.

Question 31

In which substage of sensorimotor development would you first witness goal-directed behavior?

A) Simple reflexes
B) Secondary circular reactions
C) Primary circular reactions
D) Tertiary circular reactions

Question 32

When an infant visually tracks an object, what happens when the object moves out of view?

A) The infant will continue trying to find it.
B) The infant will become visibly upset.
C) What the infant will do depends upon the age (and stage) of the infant.
D) The infant will abandon the tracking without concern.

Question 33

Which of the following represents a primary circular reaction?

A) Kala accidentally touches her nose with her thumb and then repeats it.
B) Jose turns toward the sound of the phone ringing.
C) Lorenzo kicks his mobile over and over because it makes it move.
D) Megan pulls her blanket so it will bring her teddy bear close enough to grab it.

Question 34

What is a circular reaction?

A) A behavior that is repeated
B) A connection between an observation and a memory
C) A connection between a stimulus and a response
D) A simple reflex

Question 35

Which of the following represents a secondary circular reaction?

A) Watching your foot pass before your eyes
B) Pushing a button on a toy to hear a sound that you like
C) Turning your head in the direction of a sound
D) Opening a jar to get the cookies you saw your Grandma put in there

Question 36

If an infant reaches for a toy hidden under a cloth, what does this suggest?

A) What it means depends upon the age of the child
B) That the child has a mental representation of the object in mind
C) That this activity is still random at this age
D) What it means depends upon the sex of the child

Question 37

Which of the following is the correct order of Piaget's proposed stages of cognitive development?

A) Oral, Anal, Phallic, Latency, Genital
B) Sensorimotor, Preoperational, Concrete Operational, Formal Operational
C) Trust, Autonomy, Initiative, Industry
D) Preconventional, Conventional, Postconventional

Question 38

How do primary and secondary circular reactions differ?

A) Primary involve only reflexes, whereas secondary involve thoughts.
B) They are the same; one is just engaging in a more complex behavior.
C) Primary focus on the body, whereas secondary focus on the environment.
D) Primary involve more important behaviors than secondary.

Question 39

Dylan's dad places a toy that Dylan has been playing with under a small blanket. Dylan lifts the cloth to find the toy Dylan's behavior is representative of which stage of cognitive development?

A) Coordination of secondary schemes
B) Primary circular reaction
C) Secondary circular reaction
D) Tertiary circular reaction

Question 40

Of the following substages in Piaget's sensorimotor period, which is the most cognitive advanced?

A) Coordination of secondary schemes
B) Primary circular reaction
C) Secondary circular reaction
D) Tertiary circular reaction

Question 41

A child wants a toy that is too big to be pulled straight through the bars of her crib. She studies the toy for some time and then grabs it, turns it sideways, and fits it through the bars. This child is using

A) primary circular reaction.
B) invention of new means through mental combinations.
C) secondary circular reactions.
D) coordination of secondary schemes.

Question 42

What ability would not be necessary for object permanence to occur?

A) Memory
B) Understanding the connection between what can be seen and not seen
C) The ability to form mental representations
D) Centration

Question 43

At what age will a child begin to mentally represent objects?

A) 6-8 months
B) 18-24 months
C) 12-18 months
D) Not until 24-36 months

Question 44

Jocelyn watches as her mother puts her toys in a basket. Two weeks later, after never having engaged in this behavior, Jocelyn attempts to put her toys in the basket. This illustrates

A) object permanence.
B) assimilation.
C) deferred imitation.
D) the A-Not-B error.

Question 45

What does the phrase "A not B error" mean?

A) Children will not search for hidden objects unless given an incentive.
B) Children will randomly search for hidden objects, but will quickly become frustrated and give up.
C) A child may reach for a hidden object where it has always been, yet still reach there even when they see the toy hidden somewhere else.
D) A child will search for a hidden toy but will quickly become distracted by other, more interesting objects.

Question 46

Object permanence refers to

A) an understanding that changes in shape do not change the object.
B) a realization that objects can look different, but still be the same.
C) recognition that things continue exist even when they are out of sight.
D) the recognition that once an object is put in a given position it must stay there forever.

Question 47

Which substage of sensorimotor development serves as a transition to the symbolic thought of the next stage?

A) Tertiary circular reaction
B) Secondary circular reaction
C) Invention of new means through mental combinations
D) Coordination of secondary schemes

Question 48

Piaget may have underestimated infants' cognitive competence. For example, more recent research finds that infants develop object permanence, as well as , earlier than Piaget hypothesized.

A) accommodation
B) deferred imitation
C) simple reflexes
D) trial-and-error problem solving

Question 49

What is the earliest age that a rudimentary knowledge of object permanence has been found?

A) At birth
B) 2 ½ to 3 ½ months
C) 8-10 months
D) 12-14 months

Question 50

If an infant cries when the mother puts her down and walks away, and then stops crying when the mother picks the infant back up, does this represent an understanding of object permanence?

A) Yes
B) No
C) Yes, but only if the child is at least 2 months old
D) Not necessarily; it depends upon whether the child has a mental representation of the mother

Question 51

Deferred imitation means

A) the child can mimic only within 5 seconds what he/she has seen.
B) children can imitate from the moment they are born.
C) a child has a mental representation in mind long before the behavior is imitated.
D) imitation is a more automatic process than was assumed in the past.

Question 52

When we evaluate Piaget's theory, we can conclude that

A) infant cognitive development occurs in discrete stages and at the ages put forth by Piaget.
B) his theory does not hold true cross-culturally.
C) subsequent research shows children develop cognitive skills much later than Piaget proposed.
D) his theory has been supported in terms of the sequence and pattern of events across different cultures.

Question 53

Bettina Pollock and colleagues (2000) found that magpies

A) go from primary to tertiary circular reactions, bypassing secondary circular reactions.
B) hide food, but do not possess object permanence.
C) develop object permanence before hiding food.
D) use deferred imitation.

Question 54

According to Piaget, children

A) develop the skills that lead to object permanence by 3 months of age.
B) develop an understanding of object permanence all at once.
C) come to understand object permanence even without prior experience.
D) develop object permanence before they develop emotional bonds to specific caregivers.

Question 55

Elliot left his backpack on the bus to school this morning. Even though his backpack is not at school with him, he still knows it exists on the bus. This demonstrates which of Piaget's concepts?

A) Accommodation
B) Object permanence
C) Deferred imitation
D) Shaping

Question 56

Leah, a 9-month-old infant, watches as her mother pushes a button on a toy and the toy beeps. Several hours later, Leah pushes the button and the toy beeps. This is an example of

A) deferred imitation.
B) imitation.
C) instrumental learning.
D) classical conditioning.

Question 57

Research has found that infants as young as 2.5 months of age have a rudimentary form of object permanence. Why then, do they not actively search for hidden objects until 8 months of age?

A) Coordination of acts does not occur until 8 months.
B) Children do not "look in order to see" until 8 months of age.
C) 8-month-olds do not yet perform primary circular reactions.
D) 8-month-olds lack the ability to assimilate.

Question 58

In contrast to Piaget, information-processing theorists focus on

A) unconscious desires and drives.
B) emotional development of the child.
C) how children manipulate or process information.
D) how reinforcements and punishments shape behavior.

Question 59

Piaget's stages of cognitive development

A) have only been documented in Piaget's own children.
B) apply more directly to the cognitive development of girls than boys.
C) apply more directly to the cognitive development of boys than girls.
D) have been documented in children in several different countries.

Question 60

With tertiary circular reactions,

A) trial and error is used in order to learn how things work.
B) trial and error is not needed.
C) the child will give up if something does not work the first time.
D) the child will rely on someone else to react

Question 61

Which of the following is not a proposed reason why newborns possess an imitation reflex?

A) It contributes to caregiver-infant bonding.
B) It helps ensure survival of the newborn.
C) It may be due to "mirror neurons" in the human brain.
D) It helps the child elicit information about who his or her parent is.

Question 62

Neonates who are breast-fed are able to remember and recognize their mother's unique smell. What does this illustrate?

A) Imitation
B) Memory
C) Object permanence
D) Deferred imitation

Question 63

Rovee-Collier and her colleagues (1993) tied one end of a ribbon to a brightly colored mobile and tied the other end ties to an infant's ankle. What did these studies measure?

A) Object permanence
B) Habituation
C) Memory
D) The age of onset of primary circular reactions

Question 64

How many days after learning a task can a typical 3-month-old remember it?

A) 12 hours
B) Up to 2 days
C) Up to 4 days
D) A week or more

Question 65

Research studies have shown that infants can imitate adults opening their mouths and sticking out their tongues. How early has this imitative behavior been observed in infants?

A) At 2 days of age
B) Less than 1 hour old
C) Not before 3 days of age
D) After 1 week

Question 66

In terms of individual differences in intelligence among infants,

A) there are no individual differences in intelligence among infants.
B) infant intelligence develops in a discontinuous, stage-like process across childhood.
C) there can be a great deal of variability in intelligence among infants.
D) there is a genetic process of development that minimizes individual differences in infant intelligence.

Question 67

If an infant sticks out his tongue in response to a parent doing the same action, what has occurred?

A) Memory
B) Imitation
C) A random act
D) Accommodation

Question 68

Mirror neurons are activated by

A) performing an act, but not merely watching it.
B) verbally responding to someone else's gestures.
C) watching another perform the same act and/or imitating it.
D) physically responding to someone else's gestures in a unique way.

Question 69

Imitation is said to occur

A) when any act tried once is repeated.
B) only in response to another person engaging in the same behavior.
C) without thought.
D) only reflexively.

Question 70

Which of the following is a measure of intellectual development among infants?

A) Apgar scale
B) Bayley scales
C) Vygotsky scale
D) Piaget scales

Question 71

When does the first dramatic improvement in infant memory occur?

A) Prenatally
B) Between 1-2 months of age
C) Between 2-6 months of age
D) Between 6-8 months of age

Question 72

How many days after learning a task can a typical 2-month-old remember it?

A) A few hours
B) 12 hours
C) Up to 2 days
D) Up to 3 days

Question 73

If a one-hour-old infant sticks out her tongue in response to an adult doing the same, what has occurred?

A) The infant observed the adult and then decided to stick out her tongue.
B) Learning has occurred.
C) Deferred imitation has occurred.
D) Given the age of the child, this is most likely an imitation reflex.

Question 74

Vygotsky's theory focused on

A) how children come to learn from skilled caregivers and older children.
B) the infant's ability to imitate what he/she sees.
C) how infants come to encode and store information from the environment.
D) levels of infant intelligence.

Question 75

Zeena is 3 months old. She is taking part in a research study in which one end of a string is tied to her wrist and the other end is tied to a screen. When she moves her hand, the screen lifts and she can see a toy on the other side. How many days after learning this task will Zeena be able to remember it?

A) 12 hours
B) 1-2 days
C) 3-4 days
D) More than one week

Question 76

Moving from reflexive imitation to purposeful imitation requires

A) improvements in cognitive abilities.
B) just the passing of time.
C) significant effort on the part of the child over an extended period of time.
D) the emergence of genetic programming.

Question 77

A study by Robinson and colleagues (2008) found that in low-income mothers and children

A) maternal scaffolding had no effect on child performance in the "child alone" task.
B) mothers who provided the most scaffolding had children who performed best on the "child alone" task.
C) mothers who provided the least scaffolding had children who performed best on the "child alone" task.
D) maternal scaffolding predicted child intelligence levels.

Question 78

In the studies of infant memory in which a mobile was tied to an infant's ankle, infant memory was improved by

A) priming.
B) increasing the number of times the infant was exposed to the memory item during the day he/she learned it.
C) giving the infant a reward when she/he learns the memory task.
D) negligible amounts, and only temporarily.

Question 79

Improvement in infant memory probably indicates

A) enhanced encoding of information.
B) less efficiency in retrieving stored information.
C) that older infants use more memory pruning.
D) that deferred imitation must come before a child's ability to remember is solidified.

Question 80

Which of the following is TRUE of infant memory?

A) Infants demonstrate memory for experiences they had during the pregnancy (before birth).
B) Infants do not demonstrate reliable memory until about 3 months of age.
C) Infants can only remember after 6 months of age.
D) Infants can memorize things with only one exposure.