Deck 4: Cell Structure and Function

Question 1

One generalization of the cell theory is that

A)all cells have a nucleus.
B)all cells have cell walls.
C)the cell is the smallest unit that displays the properties of life.
D)cells can arise from nonliving matter.
E)all cells are microscopic.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Escherichia coli O157:H7 cells usually infect humans when they come into contact with

A)other humans.
B)canned fruit.
C)animal feces.
D)well-done steaks.
E)all of these.

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Bacteria in the intestinal tract can prevent pathogens from causing disease by

A)crowding them out.
B)eating other bacteria.
C)producing protein traps to kill them.
D)submerging them in acid in the stomach.
E)all of these.

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The first person acknowledged to have seen living, moving cells by using a microscope was

A)Robert Hooke.
B)Robert Brown.
C)Galileo Galilee.
D)Rudolf Virchow.
E)Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

Question 5

All of the following are true of outbreaks with Escherichia coli O157:H7 cells EXCEPT

A)strong economic impacts
B)fear in consumers
C)thousands of deaths
D)intestinal infection in some people
E)not a cause of disease in cows

Question 6

Years before Schwann's pronouncement that a cell has a life of its own even as a component of a multicellular organism, the cell nucleus had been discovered by

A)Robert Hooke.
B)Robert Brown.
C)Theodor Schwann.
D)Rudolf Virchow.
E)Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

Question 7

The components of membranes that account for most of their active functions are

A)carbohydrates.
B)sterols.
C)proteins.
D)fats.
E)phospholipids.

Question 8

Who described the cells that he saw under the microscope as "animalcules"?

A)Robert Hooke
B)Robert Brown
C)Theodor Schwann
D)Rudolf Virchow
E)Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 9

Cells were first discovered in the __________century.

A)14^th
B)15^th
C)16^th
D)17^th
E)18^th

Question 10

The idea that all living cells arise from preexisting, living cells was proposed by

A)Robert Hooke.
B)Robert Brown.
C)Theodor Schwann.
D)Rudolf Virchow.
E)Anton van Leeuwenhoek.

Question 11

Which cell feature is absent in bacterial cells?

A)plasma membrane
B)nucleoid
C)cytoplasm
D)nucleus
E)DNA

Question 12

If the volume of a cell increases, its surface area will

A)decrease.
B)remain the same.
C)increase proportionately.
D)increase to a greater degree.
E)increase to a lesser degree.

Question 13

The first cell seen by Robert Hooke using a microscope was a

A)cork cell.
B)cell from an insect's eye.
C)sperm cell.
D)protist cell.
E)bacterial cell.

Question 14

What factor accounts for the small size of most cells?

A)size
B)composition
C)weight
D)surface to volume ratio
E)all of these

Question 15

As few as __________ Escherichia coli O157:H7 cells can cause disease.

A)11
B)100
C)10
D)hundreds
E)thousands

Question 16

Volume increases by the __________ of the diameter, and surface area increases by __________ of the diameter.

A)square; doubling
B)square; the cube
C)cube; the square
D)cube; the cube
E)none of these

Question 17

The inner cell membrane divides the cell into compartments where substances are

A)moved about.
B)synthesized.
C)processed.
D)degraded.
E)all of these.

Question 18

Which of the following scientists was least involved in defining the properties of the cell?

A)Robert Hooke
B)Robert Brown
C)Galileo Galilee
D)Rudolf Virchow
E)Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Question 19

The presence of which of the following features distinguishes prokaryotic cells from eukaryotic cells?

A)cytoplasm
B)nucleus
C)ribosomes
D)plasma membrane
E)DNA

Question 20

If a round cell doubles in size, its volume increases about __________ times while its surface area increases about __________ times.

A)2; 4
B)4; 16
C)8; 64
D)8; 4
E)16; 8

Question 21

Which of the following statements is(are) true about prokaryotic cells?

A)They are the smallest known cells.
B)They are the most metabolically diverse forms of life.
C)They exploit the energy resources in nearly all environments.
D)They exploit raw materials in nearly all environments.
E)All of the above are true.

Question 22

The ability of light microscopes to clearly enlarge specimens is fundamentally limited by the

A)expertise of the microscopist.
B)quality of the lenses.
C)intensity of the light source.
D)techniques used in the preparation of specimens.
E)shortest wavelength of visible light.

Question 23

The highest magnification generally used to study cells is provided by the

A)transmission electron microscope.
B)compound light microscope.
C)phase contrast microscope.
D)scanning electron microscope.
E)Nomarski process light microscope.

Question 24

Which of the following are NOT found in any prokaryotic cell?

A)ribosomes
B)membrane-bound organelles
C)polysaccharide capsules
D)cell walls
E)flagella

Question 25

Larger cells tend to

A)be long.
B)be thin.
C)have frilly surfaces.
D)have folds that increase surface area.
E)have any of these attributes.

Question 26

What cell component is an important factor in the pathogenicity of many disease-causing bacteria?

A)nucleoid
B)pilus
C)polysaccharide capsule
D)flagella
E)cell wall

Question 27

Most prokaryotic cells are no wider than

A)0.01 micrometers.
B)0.10 micrometers.
C)0.50 micrometers.
D)1.00 micrometers.
E)10.00 micrometers.

Question 28

A light microscope can clearly resolve two structures in a cell if they are no closer together than __________ percent of the shortest wavelength of visible light.

A)90
B)80
C)75
D)60
E)50

Question 29

The genetic material of prokaryotes is

A)RNA.
B)linear.
C)circular.
D)single-stranded DNA.
E)protected within a double-membrane structure.

Question 30

The best microscope to use to view surface features of specimens is the

A)basic light microscope.
B)phase contrast light microscope.
C)Nomarski process light microscope.
D)scanning electron microscope.
E)transmission electron microscope.

Question 31

Groups of bacteria living together in a close knit group are also known as

A)eukaryotes.
B)all pathogenic bacteria.
C)monophylogenic cultures.
D)biofilms.
E)all of these.

Question 32

What factor(s) relating to cells account(s) for the larger size of elephants compared to mice?

A)size
B)composition
C)weight
D)number
E)all of these

Question 33

Organelles do all of the following EXCEPT

A)manufacture proteins.
B)sustain internal microenvironments.
C)control import and export of materials.
D)transport substances.
E)all of the above functions are performed by organelles.

Question 34

The tube-like structures extending from these bacterial cells to the underlying cells in the above figure are used for

A)attachment.
B)locomotion.
C)whipping up proteins.
D)breathing.
E)communication.

Question 35

A rod-shaped bacterium's length of 1.50 µm can also be expressed as

A)0.0015mm.
B)0.00015cm.
C)1.5x10^-6m.
D)1.5x10^-4cm.
E)all of these.

Question 36

Which of the following is (are) an example(s) of prokaryotes?

A)all protists
B)some fungi
C)all algae
D)all bacteria
E)all of these

Question 37

Electron microscopes resolve details __________ times smaller than can be seen by a light microscope because electrons travel in wavelengths 100,000 times shorter than those of visible light.

A)100,000
B)90,000
C)75,000
D)60,000
E)50,000

Question 38

All of the following are tenets of the cell theory that research with modern microscopes supports EXCEPT that

A)all organisms consist of one or more cells.
B)the cell is the smallest unit that retains the characteristics of life.
C)since the first cell, each new cell is descended from previous cells.
D)each cell is composed of products that it manufactures.
E)cells may arise spontaneously under certain laboratory conditions.

Question 39

Prokaryotes

A)have nucleoid regions.
B)are unicellular.
C)may have cell walls.
D)are either bacteria or archaeans.
E)are all of these.

Question 40

All cells except bacteria and archaea

A)are eukaryotes.
B)possess a nucleus.
C)use organelles for compartmentalization.
D)have a dynamic "skeleton" of proteins.
E)are all of these.

Question 41

Which of the following contain enzymes, are the main organelles of intracellular digestion, and can digest whole cells?

A)Golgi bodies
B)vesicles
C)peroxisomes
D)lysosomes
E)endoplasmic reticula

Question 42

The system of tubes and sacs that makes enzymes, proteins and lipids is(are) the

A)Golgi bodies.
B)ribosomes.
C)vesicles.
D)lysosomes.
E)endoplasmic reticulum.

Question 43

Lysosomes serve as

A)protein synthesis organelles.
B)protein packaging organelles.
C)organelles of peroxide digestion.
D)waste disposal and recycling centers.
E)centers for cell division.

Question 44

Tay-Sachs disease affects which system?

A)reproductive
B)digestive
C)respiratory
D)nervous
E)cardiovascular

Question 45

Which of the following contain enzymes used in the breakdown of glucose and generation of ATP?

A)Golgi bodies
B)ribosomes
C)mitochondria
D)lysosomes
E)endoplasmic reticula

Question 46

Energy stored in which of the following substances is converted by mitochondria to a form usable by the cell?

A)water
B)organic compounds
C)NAD⁺
D)ATP
E)carbon dioxide

Question 47

Which of the following are found in the nucleus?

A)plastids
B)vacuoles
C)vesicles
D)nucleoli
E)microbodies

Question 48

Which is the correct sequence of polypeptide transport in the secretory pathway?

A)plasma membrane >>> Golgi bodies >>> ER >>> ribosome
B)plasma membrane >>> ER >>> Golgi bodies >>> ribosome
C)ribosome >>> Golgi bodies >>> ER >>> plasma membrane
D)ribosome >>> ER >>> Golgi bodies >>> plasma membrane
E)Golgi bodies >>> ribosomes >>> ER >>> plasma membrane

Question 49

Which of the following are the primary structures that package cellular secretions for export from the cell?

A)Golgi bodies
B)ribosomes
C)mitochondria
D)lysosomes
E)endoplasmic reticula

Question 50

Which of the following are the primary cellular sites for the capture of energy from carbohydrates?

A)Golgi bodies
B)ribosomes
C)mitochondria
D)lysosomes
E)endoplasmic reticula

Question 51

The endoplasmic reticulum

A)is found in both a rough and a smooth form.
B)is the inner membrane of the mitochondria.
C)is responsible for packaging proteins for transport.
D)manufactures ATP.
E)is found in the nucleus as well as in the cytoplasm.

Question 52

Which of the following are sometimes referred to as rough or smooth depending on structure?

A)Golgi bodies
B)plasma membrane
C)nuclear membrane
D)lysosomes
E)endoplasmic reticula

Question 53

Which of the following is one of the two main functions of the nuclear envelope?

A)provides residence for ribosomes
B)allows separation of DNA from cytoplasm machinery
C)provides total isolation of nuclear components
D)enables faster cell division
E)enables larger cell size

Question 54

The activity of which organelles helps keep the ingestion of all but excessive amounts of ethyl alcohol from being fatal?

A)Golgi bodies
B)vesicles
C)mitochondria
D)lysosomes
E)peroxisomes

Question 55

The gene that causes Tay-Sachs disease is most prevalent in

A)Jews of Eastern European descent.
B)Blacks.
C)Asians.
D)Mediterraneans.
E)all of these.

Question 56

The organelle that pinches off portions of its membrane to form a compartment used for storage or transport is the

A)mitochondrion.
B)chloroplast.
C)nucleolus.
D)Golgi body.
E)vesicle.

Question 57

A malfunction in one of the lysosomal enzymes responsible for breaking down gangliosides leads to

A)cystic fibrosis..
B)Huntington's disease.
C)cretinism.
D)muscular dystrophy.
E)Tay-Sachs disease.

Question 58

Which of the following cell organelles is responsible for disposal of H₂O₂?

A)Golgi bodies
B)ribosomes
C)mitochondria
D)lysosomes
E)peroxisomes

Question 59

Where in cells are proteins manufactured?

A)Golgi bodies
B)vesicles
C)rough endoplasmic reticula
D)lysosomes
E)smooth endoplasmic reticula

Question 60

Which of the following organelles is correctly matched with its function?

A)nucleus; protein synthesis
B)ER; heredity
C)Golgi bodies; packaging
D)mitochondria; digestion
E)chloroplasts; storage of lipids

Question 61

The mitochondrion harnesses the energy of the flow of __________ from its __________ compartment to its __________ compartment to generate ATP.

A)CO₂; outer; inner
B)H⁺; outer; inner
C)H⁺; inner; outer
D)H₂O₂; outer; inner
E)CO₂; inner; outer

Question 62

A biologist who says that the human body might be getting its power from "bacteria," is referring to

A)some cells that utilize bacteria to produce energy.
B)bacteria in our intestinal tract that digest food to supply us with energy.
C)the mitochondria in our cells that may have originated as endosymbiotic bacteria.
D)the E.coli throughout the human body that produce ATP.
E)photoautotrophic bacteria that, like plants, can produce carbohydrates from sunlight and carbon dioxide.

Question 63

The space between the two membranes of the mitochondrion stockpiles

A)proteins.
B)H⁺.
C)carbohydrates.
D)H₂O₂.
E)CO₂.

Question 64

The double membrane of a mitochondrion in contrast to the membrane of the nucleus

A)is riddled with pores.
B)is not permeable.
C)creates two compartments.
D)separates DNA from cytoplasm.
E)has two lipid bilayers.

Question 65

Cell walls are found in

A)plants.
B)protists.
C)fungi.
D)bacteria.
E)all of these.

Question 66

Plant cells build a cuticle

A)beneath the plasma membrane.
B)between the plasma membrane and the primary cell wall.
C)between the primary cell wall and the secondary cell wall.
D)as a component of the secondary cell wall.
E)at plant surfaces exposed to air.

Question 67

The cell walls of plant cells that have stopped growing and actively dividing are characterized by the presence of

A)pectin.
B)cellulose.
C)glue-like polysaccharides.
D)lignin.
E)a gluey matrix containing rope-like strands.

Question 68

Which of the following is thought to be the descendant of engulfed ancient bacteria?

A)nuclei
B)Golgi bodies
C)ER
D)mitochondria
E)lysosomes

Question 69

The cell wall

A)provides physical support for plant cells.
B)controls the transport of materials out of the cell.
C)replaces the plasma membrane in plant cells.
D)is found in all eukaryotes.
E)prevents the transport of toxic substances into the plant cells.

Question 70

Plasmodesmata are cell junctions that are similar in function to

A)gap junctions in animal cells.
B)tight junctions in animal cells.
C)adhering junctions in animal cells.
D)the cuticle in plant cells.
E)stomata in plant cells.

Question 71

Eukaryotic animal cells have all of the following EXCEPT

A)cell membranes.
B)cell walls.
C)ribosomes.
D)vacuoles.
E)Golgi bodies.

Question 72

The cell in the figure above is involved in the formation of

A)plants.
B)protists.
C)bone.
D)bacteria.
E)all of these.