Deck 13: Dna Structure and Function

Question 1

DNA contains __________ but NOT __________.

A)sulfur; phosphorus
B)phosphorus; sulfur
C)potassium; sulfur
D)sulfur; potassium
E)proteins; phosphorus

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which scientist(s) identified the transforming substance involved in changing rough (R) bacteria to smooth (S)?

A)Avery and McCarty
B)Griffith
C)Chargaff
D)Hershey and Chase
E)Pauling

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Fred Griffith discovered that when he injected mice with a mixture of dead pathogenic S cells and living harmless R cells of Streptococcus pneumoniae

A)the harmless dead S bacteria became pathogenic and killed the mice.
B)the mice died, and their bodies teemed with living pathogenic S strain cells.
C)the pathogenic S strain was transformed into the harmless R strain.
D)the mice lived, and their bodies teemed with living harmless R strain cells, and the pathogenic S strain cells were eliminated.
E)all of these occurred.

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Dolly developed an infection in her lungs and was euthanized at the age of about

A)two months.
B)two years.
C)three years.
D)six years.
E)nine years.

Question 5

The significance of the Hershey and Chase experiments in which ³²P and ³⁵S were used is that

A)DNA labeled with ³⁵S and proteins labeled with ³²P can be traced in the course of an experiment.
B)they demonstrated that DNA labeled with ³²P is transferred from the bacteriophage to the virus.
C)they established that proteins labeled with ³⁵S become deactivated and unable to be transferred.
D)they demonstrated that bacteriophages transfer their DNA, not their protein coats, into their hosts.
E)DNA may be the hereditary material; although, bacteriophages transfer both DNA and proteins into their hosts.

Question 6

Johann Miescher is credited with

A)proposing DNA as the hereditary material.
B)determining that proteins are the physical basis of inheritance.
C)defining the laws of inheritance.
D)discovering DNA.
E)determining that proteins are composed of unlimited combinations of twenty amino acids.

Question 7

Extracts of pathogenic bacteria can transform harmless bacteria to harmful bacteria unless __________ enzymes are added to the extract.

A)protein-digesting
B)mRNA-digesting
C)tRNA-digesting
D)DNA-digesting
E)any of these

Question 8

Johann Miescher worked with __________ cells.

A)sperm
B)red blood
C)nerve
D)muscle
E)none of these

Question 9

The major challenge in using adult DNA in the cloning process is

A)purifying the DNA.
B)inserting the DNA into cells.
C)reprogramming it to function like the DNA of an egg
D)turning off unnecessary genes.
E)determining what DNA is best to use.

Question 10

Fred Griffith's experiments with two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae

A)resulted in a vaccine against bacterial pneumonia.
B)demonstrated that rough (R) bacteria cause pneumonia.
C)provided evidence that genetic material from one bacterial strain can be transferred to that of another strain.
D)demonstrated that mice can transform harmless bacteria into pathogenic bacteria.
E)demonstrated that a harmless, smooth bacterial strain can be transformed into a lethal, rough bacterial strain.

Question 11

The significance of Fred Griffith's experiment in which he used two strains of Streptococcus pneumoniae is that

A)pathogenic bacteria function differently in mice than in other organisms.
B)it demonstrated that harmless bacteria can become transformed into disease-causing bacteria by some association with pathogenic bacteria.
C)it established that pure DNA extracted from disease-causing bacteria transformed harmless strains into killer strains.
D)dead cells lose their genetic information.
E)the genetic material is DNA, not protein.

Question 12

Sheep do not normally show symptoms of age until they are about ten years old.Dolly showed symptoms of arthritis at

A)one month.
B)one year.
C)two years.
D)five years.
E)eight years.

Question 13

The commercial cloning of pets and livestock is already being performed.The example in the introduction of your book was of a cloned

A)cat.
B)bull.
C)pig.
D)elk.
E)dog.

Question 14

Early on, researchers suspected that Dolly was physically older than her chronological age because of the results from a study of her

A)telomeres.
B)blood.
C)egg cells.
D)brain tissue.
E)teeth.

Question 15

If a mixture of bacteriophages, some labeled with radioactive sulfur and others labeled with radioactive phosphorus, is placed in a bacterial culture, the bacteria will eventually contain

A)radioactive sulfur.
B)radioactive phosphorus.
C)both radioactive sulfur and phosphorus.
D)neither radioactive sulfur nor radioactive phosphorus.
E)complete viruses with radioactive sulfur coats.

Question 16

The experiments of which of the following researchers clearly distinguished DNA and NOT protein as the hereditary material?

A)Pauling
B)Hershey and Chase
C)Griffith
D)Watson and Crick
E)Avery

Question 17

Which of the following mammals have been successfully cloned?

A)mice and rabbits
B)pigs and cattle
C)goats and mules
D)horses and cats
E)all of these

Question 18

Which of the following statements is NOT true concerning the results of Fred Griffith's experiments?

A)Mice injected with smooth (S) bacteria die.
B)Mice injected with heat-killed, smooth bacteria die.
C)Mice injected with heat-killed, smooth bacteria and live, rough (R) bacteria die.
D)Mice injected with rough bacteria live.
E)The rough bacteria received genetic material from the smooth bacteria.

Question 19

Dolly the cloned sheep was conceived by inserting

A)a nucleus from an egg cell into an unfertilized egg.
B)a nucleus from a body cell into an unfertilized egg.
C)a nucleus from a sperm cell into an unfertilized egg.
D)two nuclei from body cells into an enucleated egg cell.
E)a nucleus from a body cell into an enucleated egg cell.

Question 20

Bacteriophages are

A)large bacteria.
B)pathogenic bacteria.
C)viruses that infect bacteria.
D)virus-eating bacteria.
E)viruses that infect eukaryotic cells.

Question 21

Who was NOT involved in working out the structure of DNA?

A)Avery
B)Watson
C)Wilkins
D)Franklin
E)Chargaff

Question 22

DNA contains all of the following nitrogen-containing bases EXCEPT

A)adenine.
B)uracil.
C)guanine.
D)adenine.
E)thymine.

Question 23

After three replications of a single DNA molecule, what percent of the resulting molecules contain one strand of the "original" DNA?

A)0 percent
B)25 percent
C)50 percent
D)75 percent
E)100 percent

Question 24

The building blocks of nucleic acids are

A)amino acids.
B)nucleotides.
C)pentose sugars.
D)phosphate groups.
E)nitrogenous bases.

Question 25

DNA polymerase assembles new strands

A)in a 5' to 3' direction only.
B)in a 5' to 3' direction building one strand and a 3' to 5' direction building the other stand.
C)in a 5' to 3' direction building the first half of a strand and a 3' to 5' direction building the second half of a strand.
D)in a 3' to 5' direction building the first half of a strand and a 5' to 3' direction building the second half of a strand.
E)in a 3' to 5' direction on the "old" 3' to 5' strand.

Question 26

Which of the following is determined about DNA from X-ray diffraction data?

A)DNA is uniform in diameter.
B)DNA is long and narrow.
C)Part of the DNA molecule repeats itself often.
D)The DNA molecule is spiraled.
E)All of these are determined.

Question 27

Rosalind Franklin's research contribution was essential in

A)establishing the chemical composition of DNA.
B)establishing the principle of base pairing.
C)establishing the principal dimensions of the DNA molecule.
D)determining the sequence of nucleotides in DNA.
E)determining the covalent bonding angles within DNA nucleotides.

Question 28

Adenine and guanine are

A)double-ringed purines.
B)single-ringed purines.
C)double-ringed pyrimidines.
D)single-ringed pyrimidines.
E)nucleotides.

Question 29

Which of the following statements is true?

A)The hydrogen bonding of cytosine to guanine is an example of complementary base pairing.
B)In DNA, adenine always base pairs with guanine, and cytosine always base pairs with thymine.
C)Each of the four nucleotides in a DNA molecule has the same nitrogen-containing base.
D)When adenine base pairs with thymine, they are linked by three hydrogen bonds.
E)None of these statements are true.

Question 30

In the spiral staircase model of DNA, the rungs are

A)deoxyribose sugars.
B)hydrogen bonds.
C)nucleotide base pairs.
D)phosphate groups.
E)composed of all of these.

Question 31

The similarity of traits from one generation to another is fundamentally the result of

A)mitosis.
B)semiconservative replication.
C)sexual reproduction.
D)meiosis.
E)gene stability.

Question 32

Rosalind Franklin used which technique to determine many of the physical characteristics of DNA?

A)transformation
B)transmission electron microscopy
C)density-gradient centrifugation
D)X-ray diffraction
E)all of these

Question 33

If adenine bonds with guanine, and thymine bonds with cytosine, the DNA molecule would

A)be constricted along its entire length.
B)bulge where cytosine bonds with thymine.
C)constrict where adenine bonds with guanine.
D)partially constrict and partially bulge along its length.
E)be highly reactive.

Question 34

James Watson and Francis Crick

A)were both English researchers working at Cambridge University.
B)performed elegant experiments in DNA chemistry.
C)constructed an accurate model of the DNA molecule illustrating its structural simplicity.
D)performed experiments that convinced scientists that DNA is a double-stranded molecule.
E)did all of these

Question 35

Each DNA strand has a backbone that consists of alternating

A)covalent and ionic bonds.
B)nitrogen-containing bases.
C)hydrogen bonds.
D)sugar and phosphate molecules.
E)covalent and hydrogen bonds.

Question 36

Thealpha helix was described by

A)Pauling.
B)Hershey and Chase.
C)Griffith.
D)Watson and Crick.
E)Avery.

Question 37

Which scientist(s) discovered the basis for the base-pair rule, which states that the amounts of adenine and thymine match, as do the amounts of cytosine and guanine?

A)Avery
B)Griffith
C)Chargaff
D)Hershey and Chase
E)Pauling

Question 38

If all of the hydrogen bonds in a DNA molecule were to break,

A)the nucleotide base pairs would separate from each other.
B)base pairing would not be affected.
C)the phosphate groups would separate from the deoxyribose sugars.
D)the deoxyribose sugars would separate from the nitrogen-containing bases.
E)the molecule would unwind, but the two strands would stay together.

Question 39

DNA replication is

A)redundant.
B)semiconservative.
C)progressive.
D)conservative.
E)repetitive.

Question 40

The function of helicase enzymes is to

A)break hydrogen bonds and unwind the two strands of the DNA molecule prior to replication.
B)rewind the two DNA molecules after replication.
C)remove bases that might have been inserted incorrectly.
D)seal new short stretches of nucleotides into one continuous strand.
E)fragment old DNA that is no longer of use to the cell.

Question 41

The primary function of DNA ligase is to

A)cut the two strands of the DNA molecule prior to replication.
B)attach free nucleotides to the growing chain.
C)remove bases that might be inserted incorrectly.
D)seal new short stretches of nucleotides into one continuous strand.
E)fragment old DNA that is no longer of use to the cell.

Question 42

DNA polymerases

A)are enzymes.
B)add new nucleotides to a strand.
C)catalyze hydrogen bonding.
D)assemble new strands in a specific direction.
E)are all of these.