Deck 5: Variables, Reliability, and Validity

Question 1

Consider the following example: a marketing researcher wants to know the influence of participants' gender on willingness to buy toothpaste.In this example, participants' gender is the __________.

A)independent variable.
B)dependent variable.
C)spurious variable.
D)subject variable.

Answer 1

D

Question 2

Recently, the Mozart effect was studied by Jones and Estell by dividing high school participants into two groups.The first group listened to Mozart's music and the second group did not.Both groups completed a series of spatial problems tasks.Results showed that the group of participants who listened to Mozart's music had higher scores on the spatial problems tasks.In this example, what is the dependent variable?

A)Mozart's music
B)scores on spatial tasks
C)the researchers
D)none of the above

Answer 2

B

Question 3

Recently, the Mozart effect was studied by Jones and Estell by dividing high school participants into two groups.The first group listened to Mozart's music and the second group did not.Both groups completed a series of spatial problems tasks.Results showed that the group of participants who listened to Mozart's music had higher scores on the spatial problems tasks.In this example, what is the independent variable?

A)Mozart's music
B)scores on spatial tasks
C)the researchers
D)none of the above

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Consider the following research question, "Does the type of advertisement influence the level of interest in the toothpaste?" To answer this question, a marketing researcher has participants listen to the radio advertisement or watch the television advertisement about the toothpaste.Next, the researcher asks all participants to indicate their interest in buying the toothpaste.In this example, what is the dependent variable?

A)the level of interest in the toothpaste
B)the type of advertisement
C)the marketing researcher
D)none of the above

Question 5

The dependent variable is __________.

A)the variable being measured.
B)the attribute of the participant.
C)the attribute of the researcher.
D)the variable being manipulated.

Question 6

Any change observed in the dependent variable is a result of the __________.

A)the attribute of the participant.
B)the attribute of the researcher.
C)the independent variable.
D)the subject variable.

Question 7

Consider the following research question, "Does the type of advertisement influence the level of interest in the toothpaste?" To answer this question, a marketing researcher has participants listen to the radio advertisement or watch the television advertisement about the toothpaste.Next, the researcher asks all participants to indicate their interest in buying the toothpaste.In this example, what is the independent variable?

A)the level of interest in the toothpaste
B)the type of advertisement
C)the marketing researcher
D)none of the above

Question 8

Which of the following is not a subject variable?

A)gender of participant
B)age of participant
C)ethnicity of participant
D)decision to buy product

Question 9

The control group is the group of participants __________.

A)directly exposed to the independent variable.
B)not exposed to the independent variable.
C)only briefly exposed to the independent variable.
D)none of the above.

Question 10

An) __________ is a characteristic or attribute of a participant that can impact a study.

A)independent variable
B)dependent variable
C)spurious variable
D)subject variable

Question 11

A variable is __________.

A)an event or characteristic with two possible values.
B)an event or characteristic with no possible values.
C)not required to conduct a research design.
D)an attribute of the participant that can influence the results.

Question 12

Which of the following statements is correct?

A)The conditions of the independent variable are known as the experiment group.
B)The conditions of the independent variable are known as the treatment conditions.
C)The conditions of the dependent variable are known as the experiment group.
D)The conditions of the dependent variable are known as the treatment conditions.

Question 13

Think about variables used in research.Of the following terms, which term below fits least well?

A)manipulated variable
B)independent variable
C)thought to produce a change
D)dependent variable

Question 14

The independent variable is __________.

A)the variable being measured.
B)the attribute of the participant.
C)the attribute of the researcher.
D)the variable being manipulated.

Question 15

with an Are You Equipped exercise highlighting the debate between Apple and Microsoft.In this example, the two competing commercials served as the __________.

A)variables.
B)dependent variable.
C)independent variable.
D)nothing because it is a tv example.

Question 16

Which of the following statements best describes a subject variable?

A)A subject variable can influence the results and is not manipulated by the researcher.
B)A subject cannot influence the results and is not manipulated by the researcher.
C)A subject variable can influence results and is manipulated by the researcher.
D)A subject variable cannot influence results and is manipulated by the researcher.

Question 17

Imagine your professor asked the following question, "how stressed are you about taking research methods?" In this example, what would be the variable?

A)your stress level
B)your professor
C)your research methods class
D)your GPA

Question 18

The experimental group is the group of participants exposed to the __________.

A)the dependent variable.
B)the independent variable.
C)Both A and B.
D)None of the above.

Question 19

What variables are essential to research?

A)the independent variable and the subject variable
B)the independent variable and the dependent variable
C)the dependent variable and the subject variable
D)the predicted variable and the subject variable

Question 20

with an Are You Equipped exercise highlighting the debate between Apple and Microsoft.In this example, the decisions of the buyers served as the __________.

A)variables.
B)independent variable.
C)dependent variable.
D)nothing because it is a tv example.

Question 21

If a researcher is comparing a new method or technique to the current method or technique, what would participants in the control group be exposed to?

A)the current method or technique
B)the new method or technique
C)both the current and new methods
D)a placebo

Question 22

Recently, the Mozart effect was studied by Jones and Estell by dividing high school participants into two groups.The first group listened to Mozart's music and the second group did not.Both groups completed a series of spatial problems tasks.In this example, what was the experiment group?

A)the participants exposed to Mozart's music
B)the participants exposed to no music
C)the participants completing the spatial problems tasks
D)there was no experimental group

Question 23

Validity is __________.

A)the accuracy of a measure to evaluate what it is supposed to measure.
B)the consistency of a measure to produce similar results on different occasions.
C)the degree to which other researchers can believe in the results.
D)A and B

Question 24

__________ is a reliability assessment used when a research design calls for observations of an event.

A)Split-half method
B)Interobserver reliability
C)Internal consistency
D)Test-retest

Question 25

The placebo control group is similar to the control group in that __________.

A)participants in the group are not exposed to the independent variable.
B)participants in the group are not exposed to the dependent variable.
C)participants in the group are not exposed to the subject variable.
D)none of the above

Question 26

Recently, the Mozart effect was studied by Jones and Estell by dividing high school participants into two groups.The first group listened to Mozart's music and the second group did not.Both groups completed a series of spatial problems tasks.In this example, what was the control group?

A)the participants exposed to Mozart's music
B)the participants exposed to no music
C)the participants completing the spatial problems tasks
D)there was no control group

Question 27

Think about reliability and validity.Of the following definitions, which definition below fits least well?

A)the consistency of a measure to produce similar results on different occasions
B)the accuracy of a measure to evaluate what it is supposed to measure
C)saying with confidence that the observed change in the dependent variable is due the independent variable
D)the extent to which obtained results can be generalized to other settings.

Question 28

A correlation coefficient of __________ in a measure is generally seen as very reliable.

A).45
B).60
C).80
D).75

Question 29

Which of the following groups is not a treatment conditions in research?

A)experimental group
B)control group
C)subject variable group
D)placebo control group

Question 30

Reliability is __________.

A)the consistency of a measure to produce similar results on different occasions.
B)the accuracy of a measure to evaluate what it is supposed to measure.
C)saying with confidence that the observed change in the dependent variable is due the independent variable.
D)the extent to which obtained results can be generalized to other settings.

Question 31

Think about variables used in research.Of the following terms, which term below fits least well?

A)measured variable
B)dependent variable
C)manipulated variable
D)where change is observed

Question 32

A researcher is interested in determining if different exercise programs have an influence on the amount of weight that participants lose.Upon arriving to the experiment, the researcher assigns the participants to different exercise programs and measures the amount of weight lost over a two-month period.In this example, the exercise programs are the _________.

A)measured variable.
B)dependent variable.
C)manipulated variable.
D)where change is observed.

Question 33

__________ is a reliability assessment where a measure is divided into two halves and given to two groups of people.

A)Split-half method
B)Parallel-forms
C)Internal consistency
D)Test-retest

Question 34

A researcher is interested in determining if different exercise programs have an influence on the amount of weight that participants lose.Upon arriving to the experiment, the researcher assigns the participants to different exercise programs and measures the amount of weight lost over a two-month period.In this example, the amount of weight lost is the _________.

A)manipulated variable
B)independent variable
C)thought to produce a change
D)dependent variable

Question 35

The placebo control group is different from the control group because _________.

A)participants are exposed to the independent variable
B)participants are exposed to the subject variable
C)participants are exposed to an inert substance
D)none of the above

Question 36

In this reliability assessment procedure, you repeat the split-half method multiple times and obtain an average of the correlation coefficients.

A)split-half method
B)parallel-forms
C)internal consistency
D)test-retest

Question 37

__________ is a reliability assessment where a measure is tested on two different occasions.

A)Split-half method
B)Parallel-forms
C)Internal consistency
D)Test-retest

Question 38

Which of the following is not a typical treatment condition?

A)the group exposed to a caffeinated beverage
B)the group exposed to nothing
C)the group completing an alertness task
D)the group exposed to a non-caffeinated beverage

Question 39

Which of the following is the most common type of reliability assessment?

A)split-half method
B)parallel-forms
C)internal consistency
D)test-retest

Question 40

__________ is a reliability assessment where a measure is divided into two halves and the halves are compared.

A)Split-half method
B)Parallel-forms
C)Internal consistency
D)Test-retest

Question 41

Drews et al.2008) manipulated driving conditions i.e., driving while talking to a friend on the cell phone and driving while talking to a friend in the car) to see if this influenced the number of driving errors committed.Participants completed the task on a driving simulator.In this design, the driving condition served as the __________.

A)measure of ecological validity.
B)dependent variable.
C)independent variable.
D)measure of reliability.

Question 42

__________ is the extent to which obtained results in a study can be generalized to other settings.

A)Internal validity
B)External validity
C)Construct validity
D)Reliable validity

Question 43

Which of the following was an example of how the material in the chapter was applied to everyday life?

A)listening to classical music
B)reducing the fear of flying
C)driving while on the cell phone
D)all of the above

Question 44

The independent variable is the variable being manipulated.

Question 45

A subject variable is a characteristic or attribute of a participant that can impact a study.

Question 46

__________ argues that your measure should be dissimilar to measures of different variables.

A)Convergent validity
B)Divergent validity
C)Construct validity
D)Reliable validity

Question 47

At the beginning of chapter 5 in the Are You Equipped exercise, the decision of the buyers served as the independent variable.

Question 48

The dependent variable is the variable being measured.

Question 49

__________ is confidence in saying the observed change in the dependent variable is due to the independent variable.

A)Internal validity
B)External validity
C)Construct validity
D)Reliable validity

Question 50

__________ is the likelihood that the device or scale used to measure a variable actually is related to the topic or theory of interest.

A)Internal validity
B)External validity
C)Construct validity
D)Reliable validity

Question 51

__________ states that your measure should be similar to other measures of the same variable.

A)Convergent validity
B)Divergent validity
C)Construct validity
D)Reliable validity

Question 52

The dependent variable is the variable being manipulated.

Question 53

Drews et al.2008) manipulated driving conditions i.e., driving while talking to a friend on the cell phone and driving while talking to a friend in the car) to see if this influenced the number of driving errors committed.Participants completed the task on a driving simulator.In this design, the number of driving errors committed served as the __________.

A)measure of ecological validity.
B)dependent variable.
C)independent variable.
D)measure of reliability.

Question 54

A subject variable is a characteristic or attribute of a participant that cannot impact a study.

Question 55

Which of the following is not one of the three most common types of validity?

A)internal
B)external
C)construct
D)reliable

Question 56

The independent variable is the variable being measured.

Question 57

At the beginning of chapter 5 in the Are You Equipped exercise, the two competing commercials served as the independent variable.

Question 58

A variable is an event or characteristic that has at least two possible values.

Question 59

A variable is an event or characteristic that has at least three possible values.

Question 60

Drews et al.2008) manipulated driving conditions i.e., driving while talking to a friend on the cell phone and driving while talking to a friend in the car) to see if this influenced the number of driving errors committed.Participants completed the task on a driving simulator.The simulator was used to increase which of the following?

A)ecological validity
B)convergent validity
C)divergent validity
D)construct validity

Question 61

The following terms are all examples of reliability measures: split-half, test-retest, internal consistency and parallel forms.

Question 62

A subject variable cannot be manipulated.

Question 63

The following terms are all examples of reliability measures: split-half, test-retest, construct, internal consistency and parallel forms.

Question 64

Split-half method is a measure of reliability in which a measure is divided into half and the two halves are compared.

Question 65

The most common type of reliability assessment is test-retest.

Question 66

The experimental group is the group of participants exposed to the independent variable.

Question 67

A researcher assigns participants to receive a caffeinated or non-caffeinated beverage.The type of beverage is the subject variable.

Question 68

The following terms are all examples of validity: external, internal, construct, and convergent.

Question 69

Subject variables are true independent variables

Question 70

Gender is an example of a subject variable.

Question 71

A correlation coefficient of .80 in a measure is generally seen as reliable.

Question 72

Reliability is the accuracy of a measure to evaluate what it is supposed to measure.

Question 73

The experiment group is the group of participants not exposed to the independent variable.

Question 74

Validity is the consistency of a measure to produce similar results on different occasions.

Question 75

A correlation coefficient of .40 in a measure is generally seen as reliable.

Question 76

The following terms are all examples of validity measures: split-half, test-retest, internal consistency and parallel forms.

Question 77

Split-half method is a measure of validity in which a measure is divided into half and the two halves are compared.

Question 78

The terms interrater and interobserver refer to the same measure of reliability.

Question 79

The most common type of reliability assessment is split-half.

Question 80

A subject variable is similar to a dependent variable in that it is predicted to influence responses.