Deck 6: Skeletal System: Bones and Bone Tissue

Question 1

A connective tissue sheath around cartilage is the ________.

A) endosteum
B) perichondrium
C) periosteum
D) epiphyseal line
E) ligament

Answer 1

B

Question 2

The type of cartilage associated with bone function and development is ________.

A) elastic cartilage
B) fibrocartilage
C) hyaline cartilage
D) interstitial cartilage
E) osteocartilage

Answer 2

C

Question 3

A band of connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone is a/an ________.

A) aponeurosis
B) ligament
C) bursa
D) epimysium
E) tendon

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Proteoglycan molecules in the matrix of cartilage

A) replace collagen fibers in the matrix.
B) give cartilage its resilient nature.
C) fill the lacunae.
D) make the perichondrium very stretchable.
E) make cartilage hard and compact.

Question 5

Ligaments attach

A) muscle to muscle.
B) bone to bone.
C) muscle to bone.
D) nerve to bone.
E) nerve to muscle.

Question 6

The connective tissue sheath of cartilage is called the ________.

A) matrix
B) chondrocyte
C) ligamentous cord
D) lacuna
E) perichondrium

Question 7

In appositional growth of cartilage,

A) chondroblasts within the tissue proliferate and add more matrix from the inside.
B) new chondrocytes and new matrix are added on the outside of the tissue.
C) osteoblasts replace the chondroblasts.
D) the tissue becomes vascularized in order to grow.
E) the cartilage is replaced with another kind of connective tissue.

Question 8

Cartilage

A) is composed of osteons.
B) is surrounded by a membrane called the periosteum.
C) contains chondrocytes located in lacunae.
D) does not need nutrients and oxygen, so it has no blood vessels.
E) is well vascularized.

Question 9

Rickets is

A) bone inflammation that often results from bacterial infection.
B) a disease in adults, especially women, characterized by a reduced amount of bone matrix.
C) a disease in adults characterized by softening of bones resulting from calcium depletion.
D) a disease in children characterized by soft, bowed, and swollen bones.
E) a group of genetic disorders producing very brittle bones that are easily fractured; this occurs because of insufficient collagen development.

Question 10

Which of the following occurs in the formation of mineralized bone matrix?

A) Hydrogen ions form an acid environment in bone matrix.
B) Osteoblasts form collagen and proteoglycans.
C) The protein components of bone matrix are digested.
D) Ca²⁺ is actively transported from bone matrix to the blood.
E) Blood calcium is elevated.

Question 11

Important functions of the skeletal system include

A) protection of the brain and soft organs.
B) storage of water.
C) production of Vitamin E.
D) regulation of acid-base balance.
E) integration of other systems.

Question 12

Collagen and calcium hydroxyapatite are the primary constituents of ________.

A) bone matrix
B) hyaline cartilage
C) fibrocartilage
D) ligaments
E) blood

Question 13

Brittle bone disorder is another name for ________.

A) osteoporosis
B) osteogenesis imperfecta
C) osteomalacia
D) scurvy
E) osteomyelitis

Question 14

The compression (weight-bearing) strength of bone matrix is due to the presence of ________.

A) elastin fibers
B) collagenase
C) hydroxyapatite crystals
D) collagen fibers
E) bone marrow

Question 15

Chondroblasts produce

A) ligaments.
B) cartilage matrix.
C) bone tissue.
D) blood cells.
E) synovial fluid.

Question 16

The primary mineral in bone is ________.

A) sodium
B) oxygen
C) calcium
D) potassium
E) iron

Question 17

Osteogenesis imperfecta can be caused by abnormally formed ________.

A) proteoglycans
B) hydroxyapatite
C) calcium
D) collagen
E) osteoblasts

Question 18

Which of the following is NOT a function of bone?

A) Support
B) Movement
C) Immunity
D) Calcium storage
E) Blood cell formation

Question 19

The proportion of collagen to hydroxyapatite in bone determines the

A) thickness of the bone.
B) length of the bone.
C) strength of the bone.
D) ability of the bone to heal.
E) growth rate of bone.

Question 20

Which of the following matrix molecules in cartilage tends to trap large quantities of water?

A) Collagen
B) Proteoglycan
C) Hyaluronic acid
D) Elastin
E) Chondrocytes

Question 21

Which of the following is associated with osteoclast reabsorption of bone?

A) Hydrogen ions form an acid environment in bone matrix.
B) Osteoblasts form collagen and proteoglycans.
C) The protein components of bone matrix are synthesized.
D) Calcium ions are actively transported from blood to bone matrix.
E) Blood calcium is decreased.

Question 22

Which of the following are the maintenance cells in bone tissue?

A) Osteocytes
B) Osteoblasts
C) Osteoclasts
D) Chondrocytes
E) Osteochondral progenitor cells

Question 23

The stem cells of osteoblasts and chondroblasts are ________.

A) osteocytes
B) osteoclasts
C) chondrocytes
D) the same cells that give rise to monocytes
E) osteochondral progenitor cells

Question 24

Which type of bone cell combines hydroxyapatite and collagen to form extracellular bone matrix?

A) Osteochondral progenitor cell
B) Osteoblast
C) Osteocyte
D) Osteoclast

Question 25

The cell type that is responsible for maintaining bone once it has been formed is the ________.

A) osteoclast
B) osteoblast
C) chondrocyte
D) osteocyte
E) chondroblast

Question 26

Lamellar bone

A) has its collagen fibers randomly oriented.
B) has a porous appearance.
C) is organized into thin sheets of tissue.
D) is very light in weight.
E) is not easily restructured.

Question 27

Which type of bone cell is a large cell that forms from fusion of several precursor cells?

A) Osteochondral progenitor cell
B) Osteoblast
C) Osteocyte
D) Osteoclast

Question 28

Which type of bone cell incorporates calcium and phosphate ions into bone tissue?

A) Osteochondral progenitor cell
B) Osteoblast
C) Osteocyte
D) Osteoclast

Question 29

The primary function of osteoblasts is to

A) prevent osteocytes from forming.
B) resorb bone along the epiphyseal plate.
C) inhibit the growth of bone.
D) stimulate bone growth.
E) lay down bone matrix.

Question 30

Which type of bone cell lies in a lacuna?

A) Osteochondral progenitor cell
B) Osteoblast
C) Osteocyte
D) Osteoclast

Question 31

Which type of bone cell possesses extensive ER and ribosomes?

A) Osteochondral progenitor cell
B) Osteoblast
C) Osteocyte
D) Osteoclast

Question 32

Which type of bone cell has a ruffled border and secretes acids?

A) Osteochondral progenitor cell
B) Osteoblast
C) Osteocyte
D) Osteoclast

Question 33

Which type of bone cell gives rise to osteoblasts?

A) Osteochondral progenitor cell
B) Osteoblast
C) Osteocyte
D) Osteoclast

Question 34

Which of the following cell types is responsible for breaking down bone matrix?

A) Chondroclast
B) Osteoclast
C) Chondroblast
D) Fibroblast
E) Osteocyte

Question 35

Spongy bone tissue

A) is very dense.
B) contains concentric lamellae.
C) contains interconnecting plates called trabeculae.
D) has many spaces and lacks osteocytes.
E) is the primary component of compact bone.

Question 36

Which of the following is correctly matched?

A) Osteocyte - functions in bone remodeling
B) Osteoclast - responsible for reabsorption
C) Osteoblast - breaks down bone tissue
D) Endosteum - lines central canal of the osteon
E) Periosteum - lines the medullary cavity

Question 37

Osteoclasts have projections called ________ that cause bone reabsorption.

A) canaliculi
B) lacunae
C) ruffled borders
D) lamellae
E) crossroads

Question 38

The stem cells of osteoclasts are ________.

A) osteocytes
B) osteoclasts
C) chondrocytes
D) the same cells that give rise to monocytes
E) osteochondral progenitor cells

Question 39

Which type of bone cell has processes that lie in canaliculi?

A) Osteochondral progenitor cell
B) Osteoblast
C) Osteocyte
D) Osteoclast

Question 40

Woven bone

A) has its collagen fibers randomly oriented.
B) has a porous appearance.
C) is organized into thin sheets of tissue.
D) is very light in weight.
E) is not easily restructured.

Question 41

You would look for concentric lamellae

A) around the central canal of an osteon.
B) in between osteons.
C) on the outer surface of compact bone tissues.
D) as components of the cartilage.
E) in the bone marrow.

Question 42

Spaces in the bone matrix that are occupied by osteocytes are ________.

A) lamellae
B) lacunae
C) periosteum
D) trabeculae

Question 43

A passageway connecting neighboring osteocytes in an osteon is a ________.

A) central canal
B) lamella
C) canaliculus
D) lacuna
E) osteocanal

Question 44

The type of lamellae found in osteons (Haversian systems) is ________.

A) circumferential
B) concentric
C) interstitial
D) appositional
E) oppositional

Question 45

Canaliculi are found in this type of bone tissue.

A) Spongy bone
B) Compact bone
C) Both "spongy bone" and "compact bone" are correct.

Question 46

Small channels extending through the bone matrix are ________.

A) lamellae
B) lacunae
C) canaliculi
D) periosteum
E) trabeculae

Question 47

In which type of bone tissue are trabeculae present?

A) Spongy bone
B) Compact bone
C) Both "spongy bone" and "compact bone" are correct.

Question 48

Osteons or haversian systems

A) are found in spongy bone tissue.
B) lack concentric lamellae.
C) are the basic units in compact bone tissue.
D) do not contain osteocytes.
E) are avascular.

Question 49

The type of lamellae found between osteons (haversian systems) is ________.

A) circumferential
B) concentric
C) interstitial
D) appositional
E) oppositional

Question 50

Interconnecting rods of bone are ________.

A) lamellae
B) lacunae
C) canaliculi
D) periosteum
E) trabeculae

Question 51

Which type of bone tissue has concentric lamellae?

A) Spongy bone
B) Compact bone
C) Both "spongy bone" and "compact bone" are correct.

Question 52

In which type of bone tissue are osteoblasts and osteoclasts present?

A) Spongy bone
B) Compact bone
C) Both "spongy bone" and "compact bone" are correct.

Question 53

Thin sheets of bone matrix are ________.

A) lamellae
B) lacunae
C) canaliculi
D) periosteum
E) trabeculae

Question 54

________ run perpendicular to the long axis of the bone and contain blood vessels that carry blood from the medullary cavity and periosteum to the osteon.

A) Haversian canals
B) Perforating canals
C) Lamellar canals
D) Osteochondral canals
E) Canaliculi

Question 55

Which type of bone tissue appears porous?

A) Spongy bone
B) Compact bone
C) Both "spongy bone" and "compact bone" are correct.

Question 56

Which type of bone tissue is considered dense bone?

A) Spongy bone
B) Compact bone
C) Both "spongy bone" and "compact bone" are correct.

Question 57

In which type of bonet tissue are osteons present?

A) Spongy bone
B) Compact bone
C) Both "spongy bone" and "compact bone" are correct.

Question 58

The type of lamellae that forms the outside surface of compact bone is ________.

A) circumferential
B) concentric
C) interstitial
D) appositional
E) oppositional

Question 59

Which of the following correctly matches the bone type with an example?

A) Short bone - carpal bone
B) Long bone - vertebra
C) Irregular bone - femur
D) Flat bone - phalanges of the toes
E) Short bone - humerus

Question 60

The covering of the outer surface of bone is the ________.

A) lamellae
B) lacunae
C) canaliculi
D) periosteum
E) trabeculae

Question 61

The medullary cavity is

A) empty in adult bones.
B) the site where osteoblasts are found.
C) lined with endosteum.
D) filled with fibrocartilage and elastin fibers.
E) dead space in the bone.

Question 62

These collagen fibers help to connect ligaments and tendons to the periosteum of the bone.

A) Endosteal fibers
B) Sharpey fibers
C) Golgi fibers
D) Haversian fibers
E) Purkinje fibers

Question 63

An example of a long bone would be ________.

A) the sternum
B) a rib
C) a carpal bone
D) the tibia
E) the clavicle

Question 64

What strengthens the attachment of the tendons or ligaments to bone?

A) Epiphysis
B) Sharpey fibers
C) Growth plate
D) Medullary cavity
E) Endosteum

Question 65

What is the membrane that lines the medullary cavity?

A) Epiphysis
B) Fibers
C) Growth plate
D) Medullary cavity
E) Endosteum

Question 66

The spaces between developing skull bones that have not ossified are called ________.

A) epiphyseal plates
B) articular cartilages
C) fontanels
D) bone collars
E) medullary cavities

Question 67

Which of the following events occurs last in intramembranous ossification?

A) Osteoprogenitor cells become osteoblasts.
B) A membrane of delicate collagen fibers develops.
C) Spongy bone is formed.
D) Periosteum is formed.
E) Many tiny trabeculae of woven bone develop.

Question 68

The locations where ossification begin in intramembranous ossification are known as

A) secondary ossification centers.
B) membranous ossification centers.
C) centers of ossification.
D) medullary cavity ossification centers.
E) epiphyseal ossification centers.

Question 69

An x-ray determines that Peter fractured the shaft of his humerus. The break is in the ________ of the bone.

A) epiphysis
B) epiphyseal line
C) diaphysis
D) growth plate
E) articular surface

Question 70

What is the site of longitudinal growth in long bones?

A) Epiphysis
B) Sharpey's fibers
C) Epiphyseal plate
D) Medullary cavity
E) Endosteum

Question 71

What is the end of a long bone?

A) Epiphysis
B) Sharpey's fibers
C) Growth plate
D) Medullary cavity
E) Endosteum

Question 72

Which type of tissue covers the ends of long bones?

A) Articular cartilage
B) Periosteum
C) Elastic cartilage
D) Spongy bone
E) Fibrocartilage

Question 73

Intramembranous ossification

A) forms the bones of the roof of the skull.
B) is the process that produces most of the skeletal system.
C) occurs when bones develop from cartilage models.
D) occurs when osteoblasts invade the spaces left by dying cartilage cells.
E) occurs on the outer surface of the membrane.

Question 74

The processes of intramembranous and endochondral ossification are similar in several respects. Which of the following statements applies to both intramembranous ossification and endochondral ossification?

A) Both processes form woven bone.
B) Both processes require a precursor of connective tissue membranes.
C) In both processes, bone replaces cartilage.
D) Both only form flat bones.
E) Chondrocytes participate in both processes.

Question 75

Some marrow of long bones is termed "red" marrow. The function of red marrow is to

A) manufacture blood cells.
B) manufacture tissue cells for the skin.
C) store adipose tissue.
D) store bone-forming cells.
E) make vitamin D.

Question 76

Which of the following membranes covers the surface of a mature bone?

A) Perimysium
B) Perichondrium
C) Peritendineum
D) Peritoneum
E) Periosteum

Question 77

What is the area where marrow is located?

A) Periosteum
B) Sharpey fibers
C) Growth plate
D) Medullary cavity
E) Endosteum

Question 78

The flat bones of the skull develop from ________.

A) hyaline cartilage
B) areolar tissue
C) compact bone
D) fibrous connective tissue
E) fibrocartilage

Question 79

Some flat and irregular bones of the skull have air-filled spaces called ________.

A) epiphyseal spaces
B) medullary cavities
C) lacunae
D) sinuses
E) trabeculae

Question 80

Some marrow of long bones is termed "yellow" marrow under normal conditions. The function of yellow marrow is to

A) manufacture blood cells.
B) manufacture tissue cells for the skin.
C) store adipose tissue.
D) store bone-forming cells.
E) make vitamin D.