Deck 11: Functional Organization of Nervous Tissue

Question 1

There are ________ pairs of cranial nerves and ________ pairs of spinal nerves.

A) 10; 30
B) 31; 12
C) 12; 31
D) 30; 10
E) 12; 32

Answer 1

C

Question 2

The nervous system

A) monitors internal and external stimuli.
B) transmits information in the form of action potentials.
C) interprets or assesses information.
D) maintains homeostasis.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Answer 2

E

Question 3

Axons contain ________.

A) the trigger zone
B) foot processes
C) Nissl bodies
D) the soma
E) the rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is mismatched?

A) Central nervous system - brain
B) Autonomic nervous system - sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions
C) Peripheral nervous system - spinal nerves
D) Somatic nervous system - sensory division of PNS
E) Peripheral nervous system - sensory and motor divisions

Question 5

Which of the following is responsible for problem-solving skills?

A) Central nervous system
B) Peripheral nervous system
C) Somatic nervous system
D) Autonomic nervous system
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 6

The junction of a neuron with another cell is a/an ________.

A) synapse
B) ganglion
C) receptor
D) effector

Question 7

The central nervous system includes the ________.

A) ganglia
B) spinal cord
C) spinal nerves
D) cranial nerves
E) sensory receptors

Question 8

Digestion of food is regulated by the

A) sensory division.
B) sympathetic division of the ANS.
C) parasympathetic division of the ANS.
D) somatic nervous system.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 9

The peripheral nervous system includes the ________.

A) brain
B) spinal cord
C) cranial nerves
D) blood-brain barrier
E) cerebellum

Question 10

Cell bodies of the peripheral nervous system are located in

A) ganglia.
B) Schwann cells.
C) the motor division.
D) the sensory division.
E) nerves.

Question 11

The central nervous system

A) is the site for processing information.
B) initiates visual and auditory stimuli.
C) consists of 43 pairs of nerves.
D) is totally involuntary.
E) does not interact with the peripheral nervous system.

Question 12

The autonomic nervous system

A) stimulates skeletal muscle contractions.
B) has two sets of neurons in a series.
C) is involved in problem solving.
D) is under voluntary control.
E) does not include the central nervous system.

Question 13

Protein synthesis in neurons occurs in ________.

A) axons
B) dendrites
C) cell bodies or soma
D) presynaptic terminals
E) nodes of Ranvier

Question 14

The motor (efferent) division of the peripheral nervous system

A) is a division of the CNS.
B) detects presence of food in the stomach.
C) transmits impulses from the CNS to effectors, such as skeletal muscle.
D) has nerve cell bodies located in ganglia near the spinal cord and brain.
E) detects a stimulus.

Question 15

Nissl bodies are ________.

A) part of a dendrite
B) also called gemmules
C) lipid droplets
D) areas of rough endoplasmic reticulum
E) part of the Golgi apparatus

Question 16

The enteric nervous system consists of plexuses within the walls of the ________.

A) brain
B) spinal cord
C) digestive tract
D) urinary bladder

Question 17

Axons

A) contain the nucleus.
B) are numerous extensions from each neuron.
C) do not have a trigger zone.
D) have a distal portion that branches to form the presynaptic terminals.
E) do not have a resting membrane potential.

Question 18

The sensory (afferent) division of the peripheral nervous system

A) transmits action potentials to sensory organs.
B) conveys action potentials to the CNS.
C) stimulates glands to release hormones.
D) stimulates muscle contractions.
E) does not involve sensory receptors.

Question 19

Dendrites

A) are the input part of the neuron.
B) conduct action potentials away from the cell body.
C) are generally long and unbranched.
D) form synapses with the microglia.
E) contain the trigger zone.

Question 20

Synaptic vesicles contain neurotransmitters and are present in the ________.

A) dendrites
B) cell body
C) axolemma
D) presynaptic terminals
E) trigger zone

Question 21

Neurons in the skin that are responsible for detecting pain are ________.

A) apolar
B) pseudo-unipolar
C) bipolar
D) multipolar

Question 22

Multiple sclerosis is a neurological disorder in which myelin sheaths in the CNS are destroyed. Which of the following neuroglial cells is being damaged in multiple sclerosis?

A) Astrocyte
B) Microglia
C) Oligodendrocyte
D) Ependymal cell
E) Schwann cells

Question 23

A neuron within the central nervous system that carries action potentials from one neuron to another is called a/an ________.

A) motor neuron
B) sensory neuron
C) afferent neuron
D) efferent neuron
E) interneuron

Question 24

Schwann cells differ from oligodendrocytes in which of the following ways?

A) Schwann cells form myelin; oligodendrocytes do not.
B) Oligodendrocytes are only found in the PNS; Schwann cells are only found in the CNS.
C) Schwann cells form sheaths around several axons, while oligodendrocytes form sheaths around only one axon.
D) Schwann cells form a myelin sheath around a portion of only one axon, while oligodendrocytes can surround portions of several axons.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 25

Which of the following is NOT true about astrocytes?

A) They can wall off an injury site to prevent spread of inflammation.
B) They can prevent toxic substances from entering brain tissue.
C) They can release chemicals that promote formation of synapses.
D) They can aid in the regeneration of injured neurons.

Question 26

Action potentials are conducted more rapidly when transmission is

A) from node to node on a myelinated axon.
B) on a small diameter axon.
C) on an unmyelinated axon.
D) from internode to internode.
E) from internode to node on a myelinated axon.

Question 27

Which of the following is NOT true of reactive astrocytosis?

A) Injury site is blocked off
B) Scars limit regeneration
C) Causes the spread of inflammation
D) Reduces injury to surrounding tissue

Question 28

Neurons that have a single axon and a single dendrite are ________.

A) tripolar
B) bipolar
C) multipolar
D) pseudo-unipolar

Question 29

LouAnn is being treated for a neurological condition with a specific drug that target neurons deep within the brain. Which glial cell must be bypassed by this drug in order for it to be effective?

A) Astrocyte
B) Microglia
C) Oligodendrocyte
D) Ependymal cell
E) Macrophage

Question 30

Hydrocephaly is a condition whereby cerebrospinal fluid accumulates around the brain. Which supportive cells continue CSF production despite it backing up in the subarachnoid space?

A) Astrocytes
B) Microglia
C) Oligodendrocytes
D) Macrophages
E) Ependymal cells

Question 31

Which of the following is NOT a glial cell of the CNS?

A) Ependymal cells
B) Satellite cells
C) Oligodendrocytes
D) Astrocytes

Question 32

The blood-brain barrier

A) permits passage of foreign substances from the blood to the neurons.
B) prohibits the transport of amino acids and glucose to the neurons.
C) prohibits the removal of waste materials from the neurons.
D) protects neurons from toxic substances in the blood.
E) does not prevent fluctuations in the composition of the blood from affecting the functions of the brain.

Question 33

A neuron that conducts pain sensations to the central nervous system would be classified as a/an ________.

A) motor neuron
B) sensory or afferent neuron
C) efferent neuron
D) association neuron
E) interneuron

Question 34

What type of neuroglial cells provide support and nutrition to sensory ganglia in the PNS?

A) Schwann cells
B) Microglia
C) Ependymal cells
D) Satellite cells

Question 35

Frank has a microbial infection attacking his brain. Which cell type would you expect to proliferate and be most active during this time?

A) Astrocytes
B) Microglia
C) Oligodendrocytes
D) Ependymal cells
E) Schwann cells

Question 36

Which of the following statements concerning myelination is true?

A) Unmyelinated axons rest in invaginations of Schwann cells or oligodendrocytes.
B) Myelination will not influence the speed of conduction of action potentials.
C) The myelin sheath inhibits the flow of electrical charges at nodes.
D) The myelin sheath is a protein wrapping.
E) The myelin sheath does not electrically insulate the axons from one another.

Question 37

Which of the following statements regarding glial cells is false?

A) Glial cells serve as the major supporting tissue in the CNS.
B) Glial cells form part of the blood-brain barrier.
C) Glial cells produce action potentials for skeletal muscles.
D) Glial cells form myelin sheaths around some axons.
E) Glial cells produce cerebrospinal fluid.

Question 38

Gaps or interruptions in the myelin sheath are called ________.

A) internodes
B) tight junctions
C) neurofilaments
D) nodes of Ranvier
E) gap junctions

Question 39

Which of the following descriptions of glial cells is mismatched?

A) Microglia - provide support for the neuron cell body
B) Astrocytes - blood-brain barrier
C) Oligodendrocytes - form myelin sheaths
D) Ependymal cells - produce cerebrospinal fluid
E) Ependymal cells - choroid plexus

Question 40

The motor neurons responsible for making a fist are ________.

A) tripolar
B) bipolar
C) multipolar
D) pseudo-unipolar
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 41

A change in the resting membrane potential has the following characteristics: non-propagated, graded, can summate. This type of change can

A) be a local potential.
B) be an action potential.
C) be a consequence of an increase in the permeability to Na⁺.
D) result in repolarization.
E) be a local potential and a consequence of an increase in the permeability to Na⁺.

Question 42

Gray matter on the surface of the brain is called ________.

A) the cortex
B) a nucleus
C) a ganglion
D) a tract

Question 43

Which of the following events will lead to depolarization?

A) An increase in K⁺ in the extracellular fluid
B) A decrease in K⁺ in the extracellular fluid
C) An increase in the rate of diffusion of K⁺ from cells
D) An increase in Na⁺ in the extracellular fluid
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 44

Clusters of gray matter deep within the brain are called ________.

A) cortices
B) nerves
C) ganglia
D) nuclei

Question 45

A change in resting membrane potential confined to a small area is called a/an ________ potential.

A) local
B) action
C) summated
D) after
E) resting membrane

Question 46

Which of the following situations occurs in electrically excitable cells?

A) When Na⁺ channels open, K⁺ channels close.
B) The sodium-potassium pump moves Na⁺ into the cell.
C) Depolarization causes voltage-gated Na⁺ channels to open.
D) Ligand-gated Na⁺ channels are opened by high extracellular Ca²⁺ levels.
E) Proteins tend to diffuse out of the cell.

Question 47

If you cut bundles of axons and their myelin sheaths in the PNS, you cut ________.

A) ganglia
B) nuclei
C) nerves
D) gray matter
E) nerve tracts

Question 48

Mr. Miller has been hospitalized for the flu. The flu virus increases membrane permeability to K+. You would expect his cells to ________.

A) depolarize
B) repolarize
C) isopolarize
D) hyperpolarize
E) hypopolarize

Question 49

In hyperpolarization

A) K⁺ tend to diffuse out of the cell.
B) the plasma membrane's permeability to K⁺ decreases.
C) the resting membrane potential moves closer to zero.
D) Na⁺ enter the cell in large numbers.
E) the resting membrane potential becomes more positive.

Question 50

Gray matter consists of bundles of myelinated axons.

Question 51

A local potential

A) does not occur until threshold.
B) transmits information from one cell to another.
C) might be a depolarization event but cannot be a hyperpolarization event.
D) increases or decreases in direct proportion to the stimulus strength.
E) does not alter resting membrane potential.

Question 52

For the resting membrane potential, increasing the Na⁺ concentration in the ECF results in

A) hyperpolarization.
B) depolarization.
C) hypopolarization.
D) little change in membrane potential.
E) There is not enough information to determine the results.

Question 53

Which of the following statements concerning resting membrane potential is true?

A) The resting plasma membrane is more permeable to Na⁺ than K⁺.
B) The resting membrane potential never reaches an equilibrium point.
C) The resting membrane potential is proportional to the tendency for K⁺ to diffuse out of the cell.
D) Negatively charged Cl⁻ ions are attracted by negative charges in the cell.
E) The purpose of the sodium-potassium pump is to create an equilibrium of ion concentrations.

Question 54

If the charge difference across the plasma membrane is decreased,

A) the potential difference across the plasma membrane does not change.
B) the membrane potential is more positive.
C) the change is called hyperpolarization.
D) negative proteins can leave the cell.
E) the membrane potential is more negative.

Question 55

Voltage-gated Na⁺ channels are sensitive to changes in the extracellular concentration of ________.

A) K⁺
B) proteins
C) Na⁺
D) Cl⁻
E) Ca²⁺

Question 56

The plasma membrane of a neuron is more permeable to K⁺ because

A) of its positive electrical charge.
B) there are more leak ion channels for K⁺ than Na⁺.
C) protein molecules cannot exit through the plasma membrane.
D) Ca²⁺ block Na⁺ and Cl⁻ channels.
E) there are more leak ion channels for Na⁺ than K⁺.

Question 57

Gray matter has little myelination, whereas white matter has abundant myelination.

Question 58

Which of the following statements accurately describe events that occur as a result of a local potential reaching threshold?

A) Activation gates of Na⁺ channels begin to close.
B) Inactivation gates of Na⁺ channels begin to open.
C) A positive feedback cycle develops in which depolarization causes activation gates of Na⁺ channels to open.
D) K⁺ channels begin to close.
E) Both "Inactivation gates of Na⁺ channels begin to open" and "A positive feedback cycle develops in which depolarization causes activation gates of Na⁺ channels to open" are correct.

Question 59

White matter is composed of

A) ganglial sheaths.
B) bundles of myelinated axons.
C) collections of nerve cell bodies.
D) bundles containing both myelinated axons and nerve cell bodies.
E) collections of unmyelinated axons.

Question 60

Low levels of ________ can have dire consequences on the functioning of neurons because of its role in membrane repolarization.

A) Na⁺
B) K⁺
C) Cl⁻
D) H⁺

Question 61

If the extracellular fluid around a neuron is replaced with an isotonic saline solution that contains K⁺ and other solutes at concentrations very close to the extracellular fluid concentrations of a normal cell, the result is

A) no resting membrane potential.
B) hyperpolarized membrane.
C) depolarized membrane.
D) a resting membrane potential close to its normal value.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 62

In some cells, an afterpotential occurs because

A) the Na⁺ continue to enter the cell after depolarization is finished.
B) there is prolonged, elevated permeability to K⁺ during repolarization.
C) the sodium-potassium pump is actively exchanging ions across the membrane.
D) the extracellular Na⁺ concentration is reduced.
E) the permeability to Na⁺ continues longer than necessary.

Question 63

Which of the following events is NOT a characteristic of an action potential?

A) The plasma membrane becomes highly permeable to Na⁺ and depolarization results.
B) As Na⁺ enter, the inside of the plasma membrane becomes more negative.
C) At the peak of depolarization, Na⁺ channels begin to close and K⁺ channels open.
D) In repolarization, K⁺ flow out of the cell.
E) Action potentials occur according to the all-or-none principle.

Question 64

During the absolute refractory period, the cell

A) generates many local potentials.
B) is insensitive to further stimulation.
C) responds to even weak stimuli.
D) reverses the direction of the action potential.
E) is very sensitive.

Question 65

During depolarization of the plasma membrane,

A) Na⁺ moves rapidly into the cell.
B) K⁺ moves rapidly out of the cell.
C) membrane permeability to Na⁺ decreases.
D) the outside of the cell becomes positively charged relative to the inside.
E) Na⁺ moves rapidly out of the cell.

Question 66

The absolute refractory period assures

A) prolonged depolarization during the action potential.
B) completion of repolarization before another action potential.
C) that no after-potential occurs.
D) reversal of the direction of propagation of the action potential.
E) that the stimulus is strong enough to elicit a response.

Question 67

The opening of more and more Na⁺ channels during depolarization

A) is the result of the sodium-potassium exchange pump.
B) is an example of a positive feedback cycle.
C) is possible only if K⁺ channels remain closed.
D) is the cause of the afterpotential.
E) is an example of a negative feedback cycle.

Question 68

Depolarization of the nerve plasma membrane occurs when there is a rapid influx (inflow) of ________.

A) K⁺
B) Cl⁻
C) Ca²⁺
D) Na⁺
E) proteins

Question 69

An action potential

A) occurs when the local potential reaches threshold level.
B) propagates across the plasma membrane in a decremental fashion.
C) has no repolarization phase.
D) is an example of negative feedback.
E) cannot transmit information.

Question 70

The speed of an action potential depends on

A) whether an axon is myelinated or not myelinated.
B) thickness of the myelin sheath.
C) the diameter of the axon.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 71

Saltatory conduction of an action potential means that

A) once one action potential is created, it moves down the axon.
B) the whole axon depolarizes at the same time.
C) one action potential stimulates the production of a new action potential at the adjacent site.
D) an action potential is conducted from one node of Ranvier to the next node.

Question 72

A series of local potentials causes the membrane potential to move to -80 mV. Predict the result.

A) Threshold is reached.
B) Depolarization occurs.
C) The neuron is hyperpolarized.
D) Information of frequency is needed to predict the result.
E) The neuron releases neurotransmitter in response.

Question 73

A neuron is receiving a stimulus which gets stronger and stronger. The result is

A) amplitude of the action potential increases.
B) duration of the action potential increases.
C) frequency of occurrence of action potentials increases.
D) resonance of action potentials increases.
E) height of the action potentials increases.

Question 74

The strength of a stimulus is communicated through

A) changes in the magnitude of the action potential.
B) the frequency of action potentials.
C) the length of time action potentials are produced.
D) Both "the frequency of action potentials" and "the length of time action potentials are produced" are correct.

Question 75

When repolarization of a neuron is complete, the

A) neuron dies.
B) neuron regenerates.
C) cell no longer has a potential difference across its membrane.
D) original polarity of the neuron is restored.
E) neuron is no longer excitable.

Question 76

Which of the following statements regarding voltage-gated K⁺ channels is true?

A) These channels have only one gate.
B) These channels open more slowly than Na⁺ channels.
C) Once open, these channels remain open until repolarization is complete.
D) These channels are specific for K⁺.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 77

A stimulus either causes an action potential or it doesn't. This is called ________.

A) an all-or-none response
B) a graded response
C) a latent period response
D) a relative refractory response
E) a local response

Question 78

Each voltage-gated Na⁺ channel has two voltage sensitive gates: an activation gate and an inactivation gate. Which of the following would occur during depolarization?

A) Activation gates are open; inactivation gates are closed.
B) Activation gates are closed; inactivation gates are open.
C) Both activation and inactivation gates are open.
D) Both activation and inactivation gates are closed.
E) None of the choices are correct.

Question 79

Continuous conduction of action potentials means that

A) once an action potential is created, it moves in both directions along the axon.
B) the whole axon depolarizes at the same time.
C) an action potential in one site generates local currents causing depolarization to threshold at the adjacent site.
D) an action potential is conducted from one node of Ranvier to the next node.

Question 80

The absolute refractory period ends when

A) inactivation gates of voltage-gated Na⁺ channels reopen.
B) activation gates of voltage-gated Na⁺ channels reopen.
C) the sodium-potassium pump stops.
D) voltage-gated K⁺ channels open.
E) None of the choices are correct.