Deck 22: Lymphatic System and Immunity

Question 1

Lymphatic tissue contains an interlaced network of reticular fibers that functions to

A) produce lymphocytes.
B) produce capsules around lymph nodes.
C) attack microorganisms.
D) line the walls of lymphatic vessels.
E) trap microorganisms.

Answer 1

E

Question 2

Which of the following organs does NOT contain lymphatic tissue?

A) Liver
B) Spleen
C) Lingual tonsils
D) Thymus
E) Pharyngeal tonsils

Answer 2

A

Question 3

In which of the following tissues will you find lymph capillaries?

A) Epidermis
B) Cornea
C) Bone marrow
D) Central nervous system
E) Dermis

Answer 3

E

Question 4

The right lymphatic duct drains lymph from the

A) abdomen.
B) upper part of the body.
C) right arm, right chest, and right side of head.
D) right side of the body.
E) left arm, left chest, and left side of head.

Question 5

The lymphatic system is involved in

A) lipid absorption from the digestive tract.
B) transporting lymph from the intestines to the liver.
C) maintenance of pH in the tissues.
D) production of erythrocytes.
E) protein metabolism.

Question 6

Lymph containing a high lipid content is called ________.

A) chyle
B) chyme
C) lacteal
D) interstitial fluid

Question 7

Which structural feature of lymphatic vessels is responsible to forward movement of lymph?

A) Overlapping endothelial cells
B) Valves
C) No basement membrane
D) Thin walls

Question 8

Adenoids are enlarged ________.

A) lingual tonsils
B) pharyngeal tonsils
C) palatine tonsils
D) cervical lymph nodes
E) axillary lymph nodes

Question 9

The lymphatic system differs from the cardiovascular system in that

A) the lymphatic system only carries fluid away from tissues.
B) the lymphatic vessels have their own "pump" to assist flow.
C) lymph capillaries do not contain any fluid.
D) lymph capillaries allow free movement of fluid in and out of the capillaries.
E) lymph circulates fluids and cardiovascular does not.

Question 10

Nonencapsulated lymphatic tissue called MALT includes all of the following except ________.

A) tonsils
B) Peyer patches
C) lymph nodes
D) diffuse lymphatic tissue

Question 11

Peyer patches are lymphatic nodules found in the ________.

A) lymph nodes
B) spleen and tonsils
C) appendix and tonsils
D) small intestine and appendix

Question 12

Lymph movement is assisted by

A) contraction of skeletal muscle.
B) contraction of smooth muscle in lymph vessel.
C) pressure changes in the thorax during respiration.
D) compression of lymphatic vessels.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 13

Structurally, lymph vessels are most similar to ________.

A) veins
B) arteries
C) arterioles
D) capillaries
E) venules

Question 14

How do lymphatic capillaries differ from blood capillaries?

A) Lymphatic capillaries do not have a basement membrane.
B) Simple squamous epithelial cells of lymphatics overlap with loose attachments.
C) Lymphatic capillaries are more permeable than blood capillaries.
D) Lymphatic capillary epithelium act as one-way valves preventing movement of fluid back into interstitial spaces.
E) All of the choices are correct.

Question 15

Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?

A) Defending from infection caused by microorganisms and other foreign substances
B) Aiding in erythropoiesis of red blood cells
C) Maintaining fluid balance by returning excess interstitial fluid to the blood
D) Absorbing and transporting lipids from the digestive tract

Question 16

What is the purpose of lacteals?

A) Drain blood from the spleen
B) Absorb fluid from capillary beds
C) Absorb lipids from the digestive tract
D) Absorb solutes from interstitial spaces

Question 17

The lymphatic system plays a role in maintaining fluid balance within the body by

A) adding lymph to GI tract secretions.
B) returning interstitial fluid to the blood.
C) transporting lymph from tissues to the liver.
D) carrying excess fluid to the kidneys to be excreted.
E) actively absorbing fluid from the blood.

Question 18

Lymph nodules are

A) small, bean-shaped structures.
B) the site of erythrocyte production.
C) located in the loose connective tissue of the various tracts of the body.
D) composed of an outer cortex and inner medulla.
E) connected together in a series.

Question 19

A woman has her right breast and right axillary lymph nodes removed. Which of the following might occur?

A) Cisterna chyli flow increases.
B) The thoracic duct would be severed.
C) Right lymphatic duct drainage decreases causing edema in the right arm.
D) Lymph drainage would be affected in her left arm.
E) Lymph drainage would be affected in both legs.

Question 20

The thoracic duct drains lymph into the ________.

A) left subclavian vein
B) right subclavian vein
C) right internal jugular vein
D) left brachiocephalic vein
E) left subclavian artery

Question 21

Lymph is filtered by the ________.

A) tonsils
B) spleen
C) lymph nodes
D) thymus

Question 22

Bean-shaped lymphatic organs found along lymphatic vessels are called ________.

A) lymph nodes
B) medullary cords
C) cisterna chyli
D) trabeculae
E) lymph nodules

Question 23

Which of the following would be classified as an innate physical barrier?

A) Activation of complement
B) Phagocytosis of invading organisms
C) Washing action of tears and saliva
D) Inflammation
E) Release of histamine

Question 24

Bacteria and debris are actively removed from the lymph by ________ in the sinuses of lymph nodes.

A) trabecular cells
B) germinal cells
C) macrophages
D) lymphocytes
E) plasma cells

Question 25

The white pulp of the spleen

A) contains lymphocytes that can stimulate an immune response.
B) filters lymph as it flows through the spleen.
C) destroys defective red blood cells.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 26

Lymph nodes are surrounded by a dense connective tissue called the ________.

A) cortex
B) capsule
C) reticulum
D) trabeculae
E) basement membrane

Question 27

What is the function of thymosin?

A) Destroys damaged red blood cells
B) Destroys damaged white blood cells
C) Activates lymphocytes in lymph nodes
D) Maturation of T-cells

Question 28

Complement proteins

A) can form holes in the plasma membrane of target cells.
B) are on the surface of macrophages.
C) are hormones found in the blood.
D) may cause the release of interferon.
E) do not attract neutrophils, monocytes, macrophages, or eosinophils.

Question 29

A surface chemical that prevents microbial growth is ________.

A) histamine
B) leukotriene
C) sebum
D) kinin
E) interferon

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of adaptive immunity?

A) It has memory.
B) You are born with it.
C) It has specificity.
D) Acquired throughout your lifetime

Question 31

Tonsils

A) increase in size in adults.
B) are located in both the oral and abdominal cavities.
C) provide protection against bacteria entering the oral and nasal cavities.
D) contain red pulp and white pulp.
E) are not functional in children.

Question 32

The palatine tonsils

A) interfere with breathing when enlarged.
B) are located at the junction of the oral cavity and pharynx.
C) are located superior to the palate.
D) are really lymph nodes in disguise.
E) are located in the nasopharynx.

Question 33

When innate immunity is activated,

A) each exposure is very specific.
B) previous exposures are remembered.
C) each exposure produces the same response.
D) each exposure increases the strength of the immune response.
E) the second exposure does not produce a response.

Question 34

Which of the following statements accurately describes the thymus gland?

A) The thymus gland lacks a capsule.
B) The thymus gland contains many reticular fibers.
C) The thymus gland decreases in size after age 60.
D) Lymphocytes are found only in the medulla of the thymus gland.
E) The thymus increases in size with aging.

Question 35

Which of the following is true of adaptive immunity?

A) It is present at birth.
B) Previous encounters with the foreign substance does not change the response.
C) The second response is faster and stronger than the first response.
D) Responses are general, not specific.

Question 36

Lymph exits a lymph node via the ________.

A) efferent lymphatic vessels
B) afferent lymphatic vessels
C) cortical sinuses
D) trabeculae
E) lymphatic duct

Question 37

The spleen

A) filters damaged red blood cells from the blood.
B) changes undifferentiated lymphocytes into competent lymphocytes.
C) is necessary for life. It can't be removed without causing death.
D) produces several different hormones with unknown function.
E) has additional digestive functions.

Question 38

Which of the following most accurately describes how foreign substances can activate complement?

A) Antibodies can bind to foreign antigens and activate complement through the classical pathway.
B) Foreign substances can bind to spontaneously activated C3 and stabilize it.
C) Foreign proteins bind to C1 and activate it.
D) Foreign proteins are phagocytized by macrophages and directly activate complement.
E) Both "Antibodies can bind to foreign antigens and activate complement through the classical pathway" and "Foreign substances can bind to spontaneously activated C3 and stabilize it" are correct.

Question 39

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism of complement action?

A) Produces cytokines
B) Opsonization
C) Attracts other immune cells to the site of infection
D) Forms a MAC that leads to cell lysis

Question 40

Germinal centers are the sites of

A) increased blood flow to the lymph nodes.
B) fluid production.
C) increased flow of lymph from infected tissues.
D) entrance of lymph into lymph nodes.
E) proliferation of lymphocytes in the lymph nodes.

Question 41

Adaptive immunity is stimulated by ________.

A) antigens
B) histamines
C) antibodies
D) complement
E) plasma proteins

Question 42

A protein that helps to protect the body against viral infections is ________.

A) complement
B) interferon
C) lysozyme
D) histamine
E) kinin

Question 43

During the inflammatory response, ________.

A) vasoconstriction occurs
B) chemical mediators are released
C) vascular permeability is decreased
D) neutrophil production is depressed
E) blood flow is reduced

Question 44

Which of the following is NOT a key sign of inflammation?

A) Jaundice
B) Pain
C) Swelling
D) Redness
E) Heat

Question 45

Interferon production is stimulated by ________.

A) a viral infection
B) the complement cascade
C) antigen-presenting cells
D) degranulation of basophils
E) inflammation

Question 46

Circulatory changes that occur in inflammation include

A) increased viscosity of the blood.
B) decreased vascular permeability.
C) increased vascular permeability.
D) decreased blood flow to the area.
E) vasoconstriction.

Question 47

Interferon

A) directly attacks viruses.
B) protects cells that have been invaded by viruses.
C) increases vascular permeability.
D) is not produced by most cells.
E) is a protein that interferes with virus production and infection.

Question 48

Which of the following is usually the first cell type to leave the blood and enter infected tissues?

A) Eosinophil
B) Lymphocyte
C) Monocyte
D) Natural killer cell
E) Neutrophil

Question 49

Natural Killer (NK) cells

A) are a type of macrophage.
B) are a type of plasma cell.
C) secrete enzymes that kill tumor or virus-infected cells.
D) are derived from B cells.
E) promote inflammation.

Question 50

A patient's blood analyses indicated an increase in the number of eosinophils. Which of the following is the most likely cause?

A) Viral infection
B) Parasitic worm infection
C) Bacterial infection
D) Tumor cells

Question 51

The two major types of phagocytic cells are ________ and ________.

A) neutrophils; monocytes
B) neutrophils; macrophages
C) monocytes; macrophages
D) lymphocytes; monocytes
E) eosinophils; T cells

Question 52

Histamine and leukotrienes are released from ________.

A) basophils and mast cells
B) eosinophils and basophils
C) neutrophils and lymphocytes
D) macrophages and microphages
E) phagocytes

Question 53

The redness and heat seen in an inflamed area are the result of

A) vasoconstriction.
B) increased blood flow to the area.
C) phagocyte mobilization.
D) production of interferon.
E) a reddish substance released by erythrocytes.

Question 54

The inflammatory response

A) prevents the spread of an infection.
B) stimulates erythrocytes to leave the blood.
C) delays healing of damaged tissues.
D) depresses immunity.
E) is harmful and should be immediately reversed.

Question 55

Lysozyme is

A) an enzyme found in body fluids that destroys certain bacteria.
B) a type of antibody that attracts a phagocyte.
C) a cytokine produced by T cells.
D) an antigen.
E) a bacteria.

Question 56

Macrophages

A) are derived from basophils.
B) reduce the inflammatory response.
C) are responsible for most phagocytic activity in the late stages of an infection.
D) produce cytokines that aid in the destruction of antigens.
E) are the first at the site of infection.

Question 57

In systemic inflammation, pyrogens ________.

A) decrease phagocytosis
B) decrease vasodilation
C) increase neutrophil production
D) stimulate fever production
E) are chemotactic factors

Question 58

Which of the following substances causes increased capillary permeability, chemotaxis, and vasodilation?

A) Histamine
B) Prostaglandins
C) Leukotrienes
D) Complement
E) Cytokines

Question 59

Which of the following statements concerning neutrophils and macrophages is false?

A) They both exhibit chemotaxis.
B) They both move by amoeboid motion.
C) Both are capable of phagocytosis.
D) Both release histamine when activated.
E) Both can squeeze between cells.

Question 60

Which of the following would be an example of chemotaxis?

A) A white blood cell moves toward an injury site due to the release of certain chemicals by injured cells.
B) Platelets are attracted to the rough surface of damaged blood vessels.
C) Red blood cells move due to pressure gradients generated by the heart.
D) A white blood cell can move into and out of blood vessels.

Question 61

Frequently, several different signals or molecules are needed in order to produce an immune response by a B cell or T cell. The second signal in this process is called ________.

A) opsonization
B) copresentation
C) complement activation
D) antigen processing
E) costimulation

Question 62

Primary lymphatic organs include the ________.

A) tonsils and spleen
B) thymus and lymph nodes
C) red bone marrow and thymus
D) red bone marrow and lymph nodes

Question 63

Which areas of an antigen are recognized by lymphocytes so that the cells can respond?

A) Major histocompatibility complexes
B) Antigenic determinants
C) T-cell receptors
D) Epitopes
E) Both "Antigenic determinants" and "Epitopes" are correct.

Question 64

Transplanted tissues and organs that contain ________ are rejected by the body.

A) self-antigens
B) foreign antigens
C) foreign antibodies
D) self-antibodies
E) plasma proteins

Question 65

Lymphocyte activation can occur in several ways. However, in all cases

A) lymphocytes must recognize an antigen.
B) helper T cells are activated first and they then stimulate other cells.
C) antigen-presenting cells process the antigen and present it to the lymphocytes.
D) cytokines released by the antigen stimulate the lymphocyte response.
E) antigens must be able to recognize the lymphocytes.

Question 66

Which of the following cytokines is mismatched?

A) Perforin - makes a hole in target cell membranes
B) Alpha interferon - prevents viral replication
C) Lymphotoxin - costimulator of T cells
D) Interleukin 4 - plays a role in allergic reactions
E) TNF - activates macrophages and promotes fever

Question 67

Cells that process antigen and present antigens to other immune cells are called ________ cells.

A) plasma
B) antigen-presenting
C) B receptor
D) T suppressor

Question 68

The MHC class I antigen complex displays a foreign antigen on the cell surface. This prompts the immune system to destroy

A) B cell clones.
B) extracellular antigens.
C) the displaying cell.
D) mature red blood cells.
E) the virus inside the cell, but not the cell.

Question 69

Which of the following is a subpopulation of T cells?

A) Cytotoxic
B) Antigenic
C) Cytokinetic
D) Basophilic
E) Antitoxic

Question 70

The process of eliminating those lymphocytes that react or respond against self-antigens is called ________.

A) phagocytosis
B) inflammation
C) negative selection
D) activation of complement
E) natural selection

Question 71

A small molecule that can cause an allergic reaction is a/an ________.

A) T cell
B) B cell
C) antibody
D) hapten

Question 72

Positive selection of lymphocytes refers to the

A) processing of an antigen by a macrophage.
B) proliferation of natural killer cells.
C) production of antigen-specific antibodies.
D) survival of pre-B and pre-T cells that are capable of an immune response.
E) replication of memory cells.

Question 73

MHC class II molecules are found on ________.

A) neutrophils, monocytes, and macrophages
B) dendritic cells, B cells, and helper T cells
C) monocytes, helper T cells, and neutrophils
D) B cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells
E) B cells, C cells, and D cells

Question 74

________ determines which B-cell is cloned in an antibody-mediated response.

A) The antibody
B) The antigen
C) A macrophage
D) Complement
E) A neutrophil

Question 75

________ are part of cell-mediated immunity while ________ are part of antibody-mediated immunity.

A) B cells; NK cells
B) Antibodies; antigens
C) T cells; B cells
D) Macrophages; antibodies
E) Neutrophils; monocytes

Question 76

The thymus is where ________ mature and become functional immune cells.

A) pre-T cells
B) pre-B cells
C) macrophages
D) null cells
E) C cells

Question 77

Different T-cell receptors can respond to different antigens because of different

A) variable regions in the structure of the receptors.
B) epitopes in the receptor's structure.
C) selection processes.
D) complement binding sites in the receptors.
E) antigenic determinants.

Question 78

The MHC (major histocompatibility complex) class molecules

A) are only found on B cells.
B) are found in the nucleus of cells.
C) allow the immune system to respond to antigens inside cells.
D) are lipoproteins on cell surfaces.
E) do not attach to plasma membranes.

Question 79

The effects of cell-mediated immunity are the result of activities of ________.

A) B cells
B) cytotoxic T cells
C) macrophages
D) dendritic cells
E) helper T cells

Question 80

Which of the following is NOT a secondary lymphatic organ?

A) Spleen
B) Lymph node
C) Lymphatic nodule
D) Thymus gland