Deck 4: Development

Question 1

The normal site of fertilization is the:

A) uterine tube
B) peritoneal cavity
C) uterine cavity
D) cervical canal

Answer 1

A

Question 2

All major body systems have begun to develop by the end of _____.

A) week 2
B) week 4
C) week 6
D) week 8

Answer 2

D

Question 3

On the diagram, 2 is pointing to the

A) maternal arteriole
B) fetal blood vessels
C) umbilical cord
D) intervillous space

Answer 3

B

Question 4

Dizygotic (fraternal) twins result from

A) fertilization of two secondary oocytes by two different sperm
B) fertilization of one secondary oocyte by two sperm
C) early splitting of a zygote to produce two individuals
D) none of these choices

Question 5

Which structure contains enzymes used to penetrate the protective layers of an ovulated oocyte?

A) flagellum
B) midpiece
C) acrosome
D) neck

Question 6

The structure(s) responsible for delivering oxygenated blood to the embryo (and later the fetus) from the placenta is/are the:

A) umbilical arteries
B) umbilical vein
C) allantois
D) yolk sac

Question 7

The most common site for ectopic pregnancies is the:

A) ovaries
B) abdominal cavity
C) deciduas
D) uterine tube

Question 8

Which of the following is the most important event during the third week of development?

A) heart becomes four-chambered
B) gastrulation
C) blood cells form in liver
D) limb bud development

Question 9

The period of development called the embryonic period is _____ in length.

A) 2 weeks
B) 1 month
C) 2 months
D) 3 months

Question 10

The placenta allows which of the following to pass into fetal blood? 1. maternal blood cells
2) most microorganisms
3) many drugs
4) viruses that cause AIDS, German measles, and chickenpox
5) alcohol

A) 1, 3, 4, 5
B) 3, 4, 5
C) 1, 2, 4, 5
D) 1, 2

Question 11

Cleavage

A) is completed in the first two hours following fertilization.
B) increases the number of cells of the embryo.
C) increases the size of the embryo.
D) All of the choices are correct.

Question 12

Which of the following structures actually implants into the endometrium of the uterus?

A) blastocyst
B) morula
C) zygote
D) all of these choices

Question 13

The three primary germ layers develop from the _____ of the blastocyst.

A) syncytiotrophoblast
B) cytotrophoblast
C) blastocyst cavity (blastocele)
D) embryoblast (inner cell mass)

Question 14

Place the following in the correct order: 1. aided by enzymes on their surface, sperm penetrate the cells of the corona radiata
2) acrosomal reactions are triggered when sperm bind to receptors in the zona pellucida
3) syngamy occurs when a sperm cell binds to receptors on the oocyte's plasma membrane
4) acrosomal enzymes from many sperm digest through the zona pellucida
5) zygote is formed

A) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
B) 1, 2, 4, 3, 5
C) 4, 2, 1, 5, 3
D) 2, 4, 1, 5, 3

Question 15

On the diagram, 1 is pointing to

A) intervillous space containing maternal blood
B) fetal blood vessels
C) umbilical cord
D) chorionic villi

Question 16

Fusion of the neural folds produces the _____, which will eventually give rise to the brain and spinal cord.

A) neural plate
B) neural groove
C) primary vesicles
D) neural tube

Question 17

Which of the following would be an expected change in the mother during pregnancy?

A) decreased blood volume
B) decrease in heart rate
C) decreased frequency of urination
D) decrease in motility of the gastrointestinal tract

Question 18

There is a three-day window during which a woman is most likely to become pregnant. It extends from two days before ovulation to one day after and occurs because

A) sperm are viable for up to three days in the female reproductive tract.
B) a secondary oocyte is viable for about 24 hours after ovulation and sperm are viable for about 48 hours in the female reproductive tract.
C) it takes three days for the sperm to reach the secondary oocyte.
D) it takes three days for the secondary oocyte to reach the uterus.

Question 19

About 8 days after fertilization, the trophoblast develops into two layers in the region of contact between the blastocyst and endometrium. The layer known as the syncytiotrophoblast secretes enzymes that assist the embryo in penetrating the endometrium.

A) both statements are true
B) both statements are false
C) the first statement is true; the second is false
D) the second statement is true; the first is false

Question 20

On the diagram, 3 is pointing to

A) intervillous space
B) fetal blood vessels
C) umbilical cord
D) chorionic villi

Question 21

Describe the production and functions of the amniotic fluid.

Question 22

Each somite differentiates into three regions: a myotome, a dermatome, and a sclerotome. Which of the following statements is incorrect?

A) Myotomes develop into the cardiac muscle of the heart.
B) Sclerotomes give rise to the vertebrae and ribs.
C) Dermatomes form connective tissue, including the dermis of the skin.
D) Myotomes develop into the skeletal muscles of the neck, trunk, and limbs.

Question 23

The time from fertilization to birth is the gestation period-the first two months of which is the embryonic period.

Question 24

Discuss the formation of both dizygotic (fraternal) and monozygotic (identical) twins.

Question 25

The number of somites that develop over a given period can be correlated to the approximate age of the embryo.

Question 26

The umbilical cord contains three blood vessels: two umbilical arteries and one umbilical vein.

Question 27

What is the correct order of the events of true labor?

A) stage of expulsion, placental stage, stage of dilation
B) embryonic period, fetal period, labor
C) stage of dilation, stage of expulsion, placental stage
D) fertilization, cleavage, implantation

Question 28

Arrange the following in the correct order of heart development.

A) splanchnic mesoderm; endocardial tubes; primitive heart tube
B) endcardial tubes; primitive heart tube; splanchnic mesoderm
C) splanchnic mesoderm; primitive heart tube; endocardial tubes
D) primitive heart tube; splanchnic mesoderm; endocardial tubes

Question 29

On the diagram, 4 is pointing to

A) intervillous space
B) fetal blood vessels
C) umbilical cord
D) chorionic villi

Question 30

The three main parts of the blastocyst are the trophoblast, inner cell mass (embryoblast), and blastocyst cavity (blastocele).

Question 31

The syncytiotrophoblast and the cytotrophoblast are two layers of the endometrium that are involved in placenta formation.

Question 32

In order for fertilization to occur, sperm must be present in the female sometime during the first 24 hours following ovulation.

Question 33

List the stages of labor and briefly describe the events that occur in each stage.

Question 34

The morula enters the uterine cavity on day 4 or 5.

Question 35

Beginning with the deposition of sperm into the female reproductive tract, describe the events leading up to and including fertilization.

Question 36

Place the following events in the correct order and briefly define each: embryonic development, implantation, fetal period, fertilization, labor, cleavage, placental development.

Question 37

Syngamy is the fusion of the haploid male and female pronuclei to produce a diploid nucleus.

Question 38

The _____ _________is the clear glycoprotein layer between the corona radiata and the oocyte's plasma membrane.

Question 39

The ectoderm of the embryonic disc eventually gives rise to all nervous tissue, the epidermis of the skin, and epithelium of the oral and nasal cavities.

Question 40

The embryonic disc appears first as a bilayered structure of ectoderm and endoderm next to the amniotic cavity.

Question 41

The heart forms and begins to beat during the _____ month of embryonic development.

Question 42

The _____ forms the epithelial lining of the GI tract (excluding the oral cavity and anal canal).

Question 43

The portion of the endometrium that will cover the embryo after implantation is called the _____ ___________.

Question 44

A hollowed out ball of cells that implants into the endometrial lining is the _____.

Question 45

The cells of the embryo produced by cleavage are called _____.

Question 46

_____ are the individual cells produced during cleavage.

Question 47

The maternal part of the placenta is formed from the decidua _____.

Question 48

The _____ forms the outer covering of the blastocyst.

Question 49

The _____ is a solid ball of cells resulting from cleavage.

Question 50

The name for a fertilized ovum that contains one nucleus is a _____.

Question 51

In a pregnant woman, a general _____ in gastrointestinal tract movement can cause constipation and produce nausea, vomiting, and heartburn.

Question 52

The three stages of labor are the stage of _____, stage of _____, and the _____ stage.

Question 53

In the placenta, nutrients, gases, and wastes are exchanged between blood vessels of the chorionic villi and _____________ ______of the maternal portion of the placenta.

Question 54

The _____ forms all skeletal and cardiac muscle tissue and most smooth muscle tissue.

Question 55

Differentiation of the tissue of the embryo into the three primary germ layers begins _____ (before or after) implantation.

Question 56

The _____ is the portion of the blastocyst that develops into the embryo.

Question 57

Implantation usually occurs on the _____ wall of the fundus or body of the uterus.

Question 58

After the _____ month of development, the embryo is referred to as a fetus.

Question 59

Sperm must undergo _____ in the female reproductive tract in order to be attracted by and respond to chemical factors produced by the surrounding cells of the ovulated oocyte.

Question 60

Within the umbilical cord, _____ _________ carry deoxygenated fetal blood to the placenta.

Question 61

______________ is the study of development from the fertilized egg through week eight.

Question 62

Bone formation begins during the _____ month of embryonic development.

Question 63

Letter _____ is pointing to the structure where the secondary oocyte is typically fertilized by the sperm.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 64

During the _____ month of pregnancy, hair appears on the fetal head and articulations begin to form.

Question 65

______________ is the period of time that begins with fertilization, proceeds with implantation, embryonic development, and fetal development.

Question 66

The letter D is pointing to the layer in which the _____ implants.

Question 67

The space indicated by the letter B is called the _____.

Question 68

The weight of the fetus doubles during the

A) third trimester
B) second trimester
C) first trimester

Question 69

Developmental biology studies the sequence of events from fertilization of a _________________ by a sperm cell to the formation of an adult organism.

A) secondary oocyte
B) zygote
C) gonad
D) spermatozoa

Question 70

The fetal period technically begins at

A) week nine
B) fertilization
C) second trimester
D) day eight

Question 71

Over the course of pregnancy, the uterus increases from its pre-pregnancy mass primarily due to growth of the _____ layer.

Question 72

The letter C is pointing to the layer called the _____.

Question 73

The placenta has two distinct parts: the fetal portion formed by the _____ and the maternal portion formed by the _____.

Question 74

Name the structure indicated by the pointer on structure E. Into what does this develop?

Question 75

What process is occurring between structure A and structure B; and structure B and structure C?

Question 76

The region indicated by the letter E is the _____.

Question 77

Which structure enters the uterine cavity approximately 4-5 days after fertilization?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 78

At the beginning of the fetal period, the fetal head is about _____ the length of the fetal body.

Question 79

The heartbeat of a developing embryo can be detected during the _____ week of pregnancy.

Question 80

Which structure undergoes implantation into the uterine endometrium?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E