Deck 1: Introduction to Physiology

Question 1

A _ detects a change in a regulated variable and sends that information to a(n)which relays signals to a(n), usually a muscle or a gland.

A)stimulus : receptor : organ system
B)receptor : integrating center : negative feedback control
C)sensor : integrating center : effector
D)receptor : stimulus : regulated variable
E)sensor : effector : integrating center

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Where is most of our total body water located?

A)in the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract
B)in blood
C)inside cells
D)in the lumen of the kidneys
E)surrounding the cells

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which tissue below contracts to generate force?

A)epithelial tissue
B)connective tissue
C)nervous tissue
D)muscle tissue
E)reticular tissue

Answer 3

D

Question 4

What percentage of adults in the United States is obese?

A)10%
B)15%
C)35%
D)20%
E)25%

Question 5

What tissue is specialized for generating electrical signals?

A)epithelial
B)connective
C)nervous
D)muscle
E)endocrine

Question 6

What tissue is a major component of bone, ligaments, and blood?

A)epithelial
B)connective
C)nervous
D)muscle
E)endocrine

Question 7

A patient has a high salt or sodium intake which draws fluid out of his cells to dilute the sodium. This process occurs as a result of

A)negative feedback control.
B)reabsorption.
C)excretion.
D)positive feedback control.
E)absorption.

Question 8

The is the interior compartment of a hollow organ or vessel.

A)epithelium
B)intracellular matrix
C)basement membrane
D)cavity
E)lumen

Question 9

Total body water is composed of

A)extracellular fluid only.
B)intracellular fluid only.
C)intracellular and interstitial fluid.
D)plasma and intracellular fluid.
E)intracellular and extracellular fluid.

Question 10

Luteinizing hormone- mediated regulation of estrogen during ovulation in women is an example of

A)a negative feedback loop.
B)both a positive and a negative feedback loop.
C)a quasi- negative feedback loop.
D)a quasi- positive feedback loop.
E)a positive feedback loop.

Question 11

The process whereby fluid in the kidneys is transported from the tubules back into the bloodstream is called

A)filtration.
B)reabsorption.
C)secretion.
D)absorption.
E)excretion.

Question 12

What tissue is specialized to contract?

A)epithelial
B)connective
C)nervous
D)muscle
E)endocrine

Question 13

The process whereby fluid and ions that have not been reabsorbed by the kidneys exit the body as urine is called

A)absorption.
B)excretion.
C)reabsorption.
D)secretion.
E)filtration.

Question 14

Which of the following is/are associated with the endocrine system?

A)esophagus
B)bronchi
C)adrenal gland
D)blood vessels
E)pancreas

Question 15

Which tissue below conducts signals primarily via electrical impulses?

A)epithelial tissue
B)connective tissue
C)nervous tissue
D)muscle tissue
E)reticular tissue

Question 16

Epithelial cells are associated with a noncellular material called a(n)

A)basement membrane.
B)muscle fiber.
C)endocrine gland.
D)connective tissue.
E)fibroblast.

Question 17

What are the structures that attach bone to muscle?

A)aponeuroses
B)intracellular matrix proteins
C)ligaments
D)tendons
E)extracellular matrix proteins

Question 18

What is the difference between diabetes mellitus and diabetes insipidus?

A)One causes diarrhea; the other causes diuresis.
B)One is a lack of ADH secretion; the other a resistance to ADH.
C)One is a lack of insulin secretion; the other a resistance to insulin.
D)One causes increased fluid loss; the other causes increased thirst.
E)One is a deficit in insulin activity; the other a deficit in ADH activity.

Question 19

Which of the following is an example of negative feedback?

A)Consumption of caffeine increases urine output, causing dehydration.
B)During an infection, the body temperature set point is increased. The hypothalamus communicates to skeletal muscles to shiver and to blood vessels to decrease blood flow to the skin, causing a rise in body temperature.
C)At the time of birth, uterine contractions push the baby toward the cervix. Receptors in the cervix detect the pressure caused by the baby and cause the release of a hormone called oxytocin. This hormone stimulates stronger uterine contractions, which push more on the baby, causing an increase in pressure and another increase in oxytocin. The cycle continues until the baby is delivered from the mother.
D)If blood pressure increases above normal, baroreceptors in major arteries detect the change and send signals to the brain. Certain areas of the brain then send signals to the nerves that control the heart and blood vessels to make the heart beat slower and the blood vessels increase in diameter, which in turn reduce the blood pressure.
E)During a blood clot, platelets release ADP, which stimulates platelet aggregation, causing platelets to release more ADP.

Question 20

Homeostasis is a term which describes the process whereby the body

A)affects the external environment.
B)maintains a constant internal and external environment.
C)maintains a variable internal environment.
D)maintains a constant external environment.
E)maintains a constant internal environment.

Question 21

Which of the following statements about homeostasis is FALSE?

A)Homeostasis is the maintenance of the internal environment.
B)The primary mechanism to maintain homeostasis is positive feedback.
C)The organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis.
D)The extracellular fluid is maintained in a state compatible for life.
E)Illness can result if homeostasis is disrupted.

Question 22

The fluid compartment with a high protein and potassium concentration is called

A)interstitial fluid.
B)intracellular fluid.
C)extracellular fluid.
D)the internal environment.
E)total body water.

Question 23

The process whereby enzymes are moved into the gastrointestinal tract to digest nutrients is called

A)filtration.
B)excretion.
C)reabsorption.
D)absorption.
E)secretion.

Question 24

Referring to a membrane as "selectively permeable" describes its ability to

A)allow the movement of particular molecules across a membrane.
B)provide a minimal barrier that allows almost any molecule to move across a membrane.
C)restrict only the movement of sodium across a membrane.
D)restrict only the movement of potassium across the membrane.
E)provide a barrier that restricts the movement of all molecules across a membrane.

Question 25

The lumen of which of the following systems is part of the internal environment?

A)cardiovascular system
B)urinary system
C)gastrointestinal system
D)gastrointestinal and urinary systems
E)respiratory system

Question 26

are found in the linings of hollow organs where they separate fluids in the interior cavity from the surrounding body fluids. The interior cavity of a hollow organ or vessel is known as a .

A)Epithelial : lumen
B)Smooth muscle cells : cavity
C)Connective tissues : basement membrane
D)Endocrine cells : lumen
E)Elastin cells : cavity

Question 27

What cells secrete insulin?

A)exocrine cells
B)beta cells
C)collagen cells
D)neurons
E)alpha cells

Question 28

Movement from the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract to the blood would represent which of the following processes?

A)reabsorption
B)filtration
C)secretion
D)excretion
E)absorption

Question 29

Which of the following is/are associated with the gastrointestinal system?

A)blood vessels
B)esophagus
C)bronchi
D)adrenal gland
E)brain

Question 30

What is the primary reason the prevalence of diabetes is increasing in the U.S. population?

A)lack of physical activity
B)the U.S. diet
C)an aging population
D)obesity
E)sedentary lifestyles

Question 31

Changes in the external environment alter the , which is detected by the , and that information is sent to the integrator.

A)sensor : regulated variable
B)regulated variable : set point
C)error signal : regulated variable
D)set point : regulated variable
E)regulated variable : sensor

Question 32

Body mass index is a measure of weight in kilograms relative to

A)arm length.
B)gender.
C)height in meters (squared).
D)weight (in kilograms in water).
E)waste circumference.

Question 33

What is the primary mechanism for maintaining homeostasis?

A)intrinsic control
B)extrinsic control
C)inherent control
D)negative feedback
E)positive feedback

Question 34

What are the two extracellular fluid compartments of the body?

A)intracellular fluid and plasma
B)interstitial fluid and blood
C)intracellular fluid and interstitial fluid
D)interstitial fluid and plasma
E)intracellular fluid and blood

Question 35

The fluid compartment with a high sodium concentration that contains only trace amounts of protein is called

A)intracellular fluid.
B)extracellular fluid.
C)intracellular and extracellular fluids.
D)interstitial fluid.
E)plasma.

Question 36

The smallest living units capable of carrying out their own basic life functions are called

A)cells.
B)organ systems.
C)tissues.
D)organelles.
E)organs.

Question 37

The tissue type that generates mechanical force and movement, and whose activity is controlled both on a voluntary and involuntary level, is tissue.

A)connective
B)epithelial
C)skeletal
D)nervous
E)muscle

Question 38

The maintenance of a stable internal environment compatible for life is called

A)homeostasis.
B)biochemistry.
C)microbiology.
D)physiology.
E)anatomy.

Question 39

Which statement below lists the essential components of a feedback loop and describes their function?

A)Sensor detects a regulated variable; integrator interprets the information and sends it to the appropriate effector; effector alters the regulated variable; organ system returns the body back to normal
B)Set point is the value of the regulated variable; integrator interprets the information and sends it to the appropriate effector; effector alters the regulated variable; set point is the point the variable must always return to.
C)Set point detects the regulated variable; integrator interprets the information and sends it to the appropriate effector; effector decides if it will react or not to the signal.
D)Sensor detects a regulated variable; set point is the value of the regulated variable; integrator interprets the information and sends it to the appropriate effector; effector alters the regulated variable.
E)Integrator interprets the information; set point is the value of the regulated variable; effector alters the regulated variable.

Question 40

What type of ductless gland secretes hormones into the bloodstream?

A)matrix
B)salivary
C)sweat
D)exocrine
E)endocrine

Question 41

Which of the following people would be more prone to develop diabetes mellitus type II?

A)an obese white adult
B)a thin, malnourished, African American child
C)an obese Hispanic child
D)an obese Hispanic adult
E)a thin white adult

Question 42

What lab test, often deemed the "lie detector test" by health care workers, measures the average blood glucose levels for the past 2- 3 months?

A)random blood glucose test
B)fasting blood glucose test
C)hemoglobin A1c test
D)siphon test
E)glucose tolerance test

Question 43

What tissue is specialized for separating fluids?

A)epithelial
B)connective
C)nervous
D)muscle
E)endocrine

Question 44

The elimination of unabsorbed materials from the body refers to which of the processes below?

A)excretion
B)reabsorption
C)secretion
D)filtration
E)absorption

Question 45

Where is most of the water in the body found?

A)in the plasma
B)in the intracellular fluid
C)in the lumen of the stomach
D)in the interstitial fluid
E)in the extracellular fluid

Question 46

What are the two major consequences for those who suffer from diabetes mellitus?

A)high blood glucose and excessive urination
B)low blood sugar and fainting
C)high blood glucose and excessive thirst
D)high blood glucose and glucose in the urine
E)high blood glucose and cells that cannot utilize that glucose for energy

Question 47

The portion of body water outside of cells that bathes most cells of the body is called

A)interstitial fluid.
B)intracellular fluid.
C)plasma.
D)extracellular fluid.
E)intercellular fluid.

Question 48

When people cut themselves, they have clotting factors in their blood that will be released continuously in a cascade until their blood clots and terminates the bleeding. What mechanism caused their blood to clot?

A)negative feedback control
B)secretion
C)positive feedback control
D)homeostasis
E)reabsorption

Question 49

Which of the following compartments contain most of the water found in the human body?

A)extracellular fluid
B)lumen of the intestinal tract
C)intracellular fluid
D)interstitial fluid
E)plasma

Question 50

Which of the following is a protein found in connective tissue that provides the tensile strength to resist stretching?

A)vimentin
B)collagen
C)basement membrane
D)erythropoietin
E)elastin

Question 51

The uptake of nutrients across the epithelial cells of the gastrointestinal tract and into the bloodstream is called

A)filtration.
B)excretion.
C)reabsorption.
D)absorption.
E)secretion.

Question 52

Lisinopril is a medication that lowers high blood pressure back to within a desired range of function. The action of this medication is similar to that of a(n)in the human body.

A)regulated variable
B)integrating center
C)set point
D)positive feedback response
E)negative feedback response

Question 53

Which of the following types of diabetes mellitus was formerly referred to as insulin- dependent or juvenile- onset diabetes mellitus?

A)diabetes insipidus
B)prediabetes
C)type 1
D)gestational diabetes
E)type 2

Question 54

Approximately what percentage of people living in the United States suffers from diabetes mellitus?

A)1%
B)0)1%
C)15%
D)0)5%
E)8%

Question 55

Cells are classified into which of the following four broad categories?

A)atoms, tissues, organs, and organ systems
B)endocrine, nervous, integumentary, and reproductive
C)squamous, cubodial, columnar, and basement membranes
D)skeletal, cardiac, endocrine, and nervous
E)neurons, muscle, epithelial, and connective tissue

Question 56

Of the following conditions associated with excess heat, which is the most serious condition?

A)heat exhaustion
B)dizziness
C)dehydration
D)excessive sweating
E)heat stroke

Question 57

The fluid compartment with a high sodium and protein concentration is called

A)interstitial fluid.
B)intracellular and extracellular fluids.
C)plasma.
D)extracellular fluid.
E)intracellular fluid.

Question 58

Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels. It is released when glucose levels increase above normal. Based on the concept of negative feedback, what effect will insulin have on blood glucose levels?

A)It will decrease them.
B)Insulin does not regulate blood glucose levels.
C)Insulin will not affect glucose levels.
D)It will increase them.
E)It makes them go both up and down.

Question 59

Pre- diabetics have fasting blood glucose levels of

A)150- 200 mg/dL
B)200- 210 mg/dL
C)70- 100 mg/dL
D)100- 125 mg/dL
E)90- 100 mg/dL

Question 60

The cell types blood, bone, fat, and lymph would be categorized into which of the following major cell classes?

A)epithelial cells
B)connective tissue cells
C)endocrine cells
D)neurons
E)muscle cells

Question 61

The process of maintaining the internal environment in a state compatible for life is called , and it occurs primarily through _.

A)negative feedback : intrinsic control
B)intrinsic control : negative feedback
C)intrinsic control : homeostasis
D)homeostasis : negative feedback
E)positive feedback : intrinsic control

Question 62

Cells that carry oxygen in the bloodstream are called

A)erythrocytes.
B)karyocytes.
C)hemoglobin.
D)lymphocytes.
E)leukocytes.

Question 63

Movement from the blood into the kidney tubules would represent which of the following processes?

A)reabsorption
B)absorption
C)filtration
D)excretion
E)secretion

Question 64

Obesity is identified using what measurement?

A)waist circumference scale
B)body type index
C)ethnicity scale
D)CDC disease scale
E)body mass index (BMI)

Question 65

Vinnie has high blood glucose and must take insulin shots to control his blood sugar. Why must he override his normal homeostatic mechanisms by taking medication?

A)Vinnie's set point has changed telling him he needs more sugar.
B)Vinnie's sensors are detecting high levels of glucose and therefore are not secreting insulin due to positive feedback control.
C)Vinnie's negative feedback controls are not functioning properly.
D)An error signal has been sent to Vinnie's integrating center, which is not functioning properly.
E)Vinnie's positive feedback controls are not functioning properly.

Question 66

Prediabetics have a fasting blood glucose level of and, according to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), approximately _ million Americans are prediabetic.

A)500- 1000 mg/dL : 300
B)70- 100 mg/dL : 10
C)100- 125 mg/dL : 80
D)300- 400 mg/dL : 100
E)200- 250 mg/dL : 50

Question 67

John has type 2 diabetes. He has a sedentary lifestyle, is overweight, and recently went to the doctor who gave him a hemoglobin A1c test which came back at 7%. What is the best course of treatment for John?

A)insulin shots and exercise
B)insulin shots and a healthy diet
C)frequent monitoring of his blood glucose levels with insulin shots
D)measure his BMI, continued monitoring of his blood glucose levels with a hemoglobin A1c test, and changes in lifestyle
E)a strict diet, frequent monitoring of his blood glucose, exercise, and oral glucose medication

Question 68

Which of the following accurately represents the order of complexity for the components of the body, from least to most complex?

A)organ systems, organs, tissues, cells
B)cells, tissues, organs, organ systems
C)organ systems, cells, tissues, organs
D)cells, tissues, organ systems, organs
E)tissues, cells, organs, organ systems

Question 69

Glands are derived from what type of tissue?

A)epithelial
B)reticular
C)connective
D)nerve
E)muscle

Question 70

The process whereby fluid from the bloodstream enters the tubules of the kidneys is called

A)secretion.
B)reabsorption.
C)excretion.
D)filtration.
E)absorption.

Question 71

Extracellular fluid is composed of

A)interstitial fluid and plasma.
B)plasma and intracellular fluid.
C)plasma only.
D)intracellular fluid only.
E)interstitial fluid only.

Question 72

Which statement below best defines homeostasis?

A)Homeostasis is the process whereby the body changes with the external environment.
B)Homeostasis refers to the regulation of temperature in the human body.
C)Homeostasis is maintained through positive feedback loops.
D)Homeostasis means all regulated variables are at the set point.
E)Homeostasis is the process whereby the body maintains the internal environment in a state compatible for life.

Question 73

Organs of the body are defined as

A)a collection of cells that function independently of one another.
B)two or more tissues combined to form a structure that allows each tissue to function independently.
C)a collection of tissues that function independently of one another.
D)a collection of cells that perform similar functions.
E)a combination of two or more tissues that make up a structure which performs a specific function.

Question 74

For a person weighing 150 pounds, how many liters of water are contained in all of the body's compartments?

A)11
B)70
C)50
D)42
E)14

Question 75

Which of the following best describes intracellular fluid?

A)rich in sodium and chloride
B)rich in sodium, potassium, and chloride
C)rich in proteins and chloride
D)rich in proteins and potassium
E)rich in potassium and chloride

Question 76

Which tissue type includes cells contained in an extracellular matrix composed of collagen and elastin?

A)endocrine tissue
B)connective tissue
C)nervous tissue
D)muscle tissue
E)epithelial tissue

Question 77

What organ system includes the pituitary gland, adrenal gland, and thyroid gland?

A)endocrine
B)nervous
C)immune
D)cardiovascular
E)integumentary

Question 78

Which tissue below is specialized for lining the lumen of vessels material?

A)epithelial tissue
B)connective tissue
C)nervous tissue
D)muscle tissue
E)reticular tissue

Question 79

Which tissue below provides structural support?

A)epithelial tissue
B)connective tissue
C)nervous tissue
D)muscle tissue
E)reticular tissue

Question 80

The smallest living units, capable of carrying out their own basic life processes, are

A)tissues.
B)cells.
C)organs.
D)atoms.
E)molecules.