Deck 8: Data Analysis and Results: Examining What Was Found in a Quantitative Study

Question 1

If a researcher sets the alpha level at .05 and obtains a p value of .06, this means that a null hypothesis would

A) Be slightly higher than alpha
B) Fail to be rejected
C) Be very close to the alpha level
D) Be rejected

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Four different predictor variables A, B, C, and D) were measured. The researcher used the Pearson correlation coefficient to assess the relationship of each variable with the dependent variable. The resulting coefficients are summarized in the following table.
$$\begin{array} { c c c } \text { Variable } & r & r ^ { 2 } \\\hline \text { A } & 0.30 ^ { \star } & 0.09 \\\text { B } & - 0.98 ^ { * * } & 0.96 \\\text { C } & - 0.55 ^ { * \star } & 0.30 \\\text { D } & 0.15 & 0.02 \\{ } ^ { * } p < .05 ; { } ^ { * \star } p < .01 & &\end{array}$$

-Which predictor variable A, B, C, or D) has no relationship with the dependent variable?

A) Variable B
B) Variable A
C) Variable D
D) Variable C

Answer 2

Variable D

Question 3

Percentile rank is an example of what kind of statistic?

A) Measure of central tendency
B) Measure of variability
C) Measure of relative standing
D) Inferential statistic

Answer 3

C

Question 4

Why is it useful for a researcher to assess the effect size in addition to hypothesis testing?

Question 5

Which is the first step that researchers use to analyze quantitative data?

A) Calculate inferential statistics
B) Calculate descriptive statistics
C) Prepare the data in a software program
D) Score the data

Question 6

Four different studies A, B, C, and D) were conducted and a summary of the results is given in the following table.
$$\begin{array} { c c c c c } \text { Study } & d f & t \text { value } & p \text { value } & \text { Effect size } \\\hline \text { A } & 8 & 2.306 & 0.05 & 1.8 \\\text { B } & 12 & 1.356 & 0.20 & 0.3 \\\text { C } & 20 & 2.528 & 0.02 & 0.6 \\\text { D } & 30 & 1.697 & 0.10 & 0.6\end{array}$$

-Which of the studies A, B, C, or D) had the most statistically significant difference between the two groups?

A) Study B
B) Study D
C) Study A
D) Study C

Question 7

Four different predictor variables A, B, C, and D) were measured. The researcher used the Pearson correlation coefficient to assess the relationship of each variable with the dependent variable. The resulting coefficients are summarized in the following table.
$$\begin{array} { c c c } \text { Variable } & r & r ^ { 2 } \\\hline \text { A } & 0.30 ^ { \star } & 0.09 \\\text { B } & - 0.98 ^ { * * } & 0.96 \\\text { C } & - 0.55 ^ { * \star } & 0.30 \\\text { D } & 0.15 & 0.02 \\{ } ^ { * } p < .05 ; { } ^ { * \star } p < .01 & &\end{array}$$

-Which predictor variable A, B, C, or D) has the strongest relationship positive or negative) with the dependent variable?

A) Variable B
B) Variable A
C) Variable D
D) Variable C

Question 8

You are reading a research report summarizing the findings for a study of first-year teacher anxiety in the classroom. You read the following results: "Teachers' perceptions of students' skill level was the most powerful predictor; it accounted for an additional 28% of the variance β = .35, p < .001)."
From looking at the p value, you would conclude

A) That the alpha level was set too low
B) That the authors should have set an exact p value
C) That the result was statistically significant
D) That the result indicates that there is a high chance of making a mistake

Question 9

Which of the following represents an example of a summed score in quantitative data analysis?

A) A score is calculated by adding several questions on the instrument
B) A score is calculated for each question on the instrument
C) A score is calculated summarizing differences in two scores
D) A score is based on the total score for all individuals.

Question 10

You are reading a research report summarizing the findings for a study of first-year teacher anxiety in the classroom. You read the following results: "The average score for teachers on all items on the anxiety instrument was 65.76 with a standard deviation of 5.6. The scores varied from a low of 45 to a high of 75 on the instrument."
What type of research question would likely result in this type of statement?

A) A comparison question about teacher scores
B) A descriptive question measuring the anxiety of teachers
C) A relationship question correlating years of experience and anxiety
D) A hypothesis testing question assessing the variability of scores

Question 11

If a researcher reports the most common response given to an item, which statistic would you expect to find?

A) Standard deviation
B) Mode
C) Mean
D) Percentile rank

Question 12

What level of  is traditionally used by researchers in education and social sciences?

A) .10
B) .01
C) .50
D) .05

Question 13

Four different studies A, B, C, and D) were conducted and a summary of the results is given in the following table.
$$\begin{array} { c c c c c } \text { Study } & d f & t \text { value } & p \text { value } & \text { Effect size } \\\hline \text { A } & 8 & 2.306 & 0.05 & 1.8 \\\text { B } & 12 & 1.356 & 0.20 & 0.3 \\\text { C } & 20 & 2.528 & 0.02 & 0.6 \\\text { D } & 30 & 1.697 & 0.10 & 0.6\end{array}$$

-Which of the studies A, B, C, or D) had the most practically significant difference between the two groups?

A) Study D
B) Study A
C) Study B
D) Study C

Question 14

What is the maximum level of risk researchers are willing to take that they incorrectly conclude that they found a significant difference or relationship?

A) 
B) mode
C) degrees of freedom
D) p value

Question 15

Four different predictor variables A, B, C, and D) were measured. The researcher used the Pearson correlation coefficient to assess the relationship of each variable with the dependent variable. The resulting coefficients are summarized in the following table.
$$\begin{array} { c c c } \text { Variable } & r & r ^ { 2 } \\\hline \text { A } & 0.30 ^ { \star } & 0.09 \\\text { B } & - 0.98 ^ { * * } & 0.96 \\\text { C } & - 0.55 ^ { * \star } & 0.30 \\\text { D } & 0.15 & 0.02 \\{ } ^ { * } p < .05 ; { } ^ { * \star } p < .01 & &\end{array}$$

-Which predictor variable A, B, C, or D) has the most positive relationship with the dependent variable?

A) Variable C
B) Variable A
C) Variable B
D) Variable D

Question 16

What is the first step in the process of testing a hypothesis in a quantitative study?

A) Set the alpha level
B) Compute the sample statistic
C) Identify a null and alternative hypothesis
D) Collect data