Deck 12: Introduction to the Nervous System

Question 1

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of:

A) chemical synapsis
B) electrical synapses
C) ligand gated channels
D) voltage gated channels
E) mechanically gated channels

Answer 1

B

Question 2

Which of the following has the property of electrical excitability?

A) muscle cells
B) neurons
C) all of these choices
D) none of these choices

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Which axons have the largest diameter?

A) A fibers
B) B fibers
C) C fibers
D) none of these choices

Answer 3

A

Question 4

This type of neuron has one main dendrite and one main axon.

A) multipolar neuron
B) bipolar neuron
C) unipolar neuron
D) purkinje cell
E) renshaw cell

Question 5

If a neurotransmitter depolarizes the postsynaptic membrane it is referred to as:

A) excitatory
B) inhibitory
C) spatial
D) temporal
E) summation

Question 6

During which period can a second action potential be initiated only by a larger than normal stimulus?

A) refractory period
B) absolute refractory period
C) relative refractory period
D) all of these choices
E) none of these choices

Question 7

A polarized cell

A) can vary from +5 to -100 mV.
B) includes most cells of the body.
C) exhibits a membrane potential.
D) includes most cells of the body and exhibits a membrane potential.
E) all of these choices.

Question 8

The peripheral nervous system can be divided into:

A) somatic nervous system
B) autonomic nervous system
C) enteric nervous system
D) both somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system
E) all of these choices

Question 9

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A) remove a neurotransmitter.
B) stop a spatial summation.
C) continue a temporal summation.
D) inhibit a presynaptic potential.
E) excite a presynaptic potential.

Question 10

IPSP stands for:

A) inhibitory presynaptic summation potential
B) inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential
C) inhibitory postsynaptic potential
D) inhibitory presynaptic potential
E) none of these choices

Question 11

This contains neuronal cell bodies, dendrites, unmyelinated axons, axon terminals, and neruoglia.

A) gray matter
B) white matter
C) astrocytes
D) satellite cells
E) ependymal cells

Question 12

Which of the following is not a function of the nervous system?

A) sensory function
B) integrative function
C) motor function
D) both sensory function and integrative function
E) all are functions of the nervous system

Question 13

This is the site of protein synthesis in a neuron.

A) mitochondria
B) nucleus
C) nissl body
D) dendrite
E) axon

Question 14

Which of the following terms describes synapses?

A) axodendritic
B) axosomatic
C) axoaxonic
D) none of these choices
E) all of these choices

Question 15

Where does summation occur?

A) in the synaptic cleft
B) in the dendrites
C) at the trigger zone
D) in the neuron nucleus
E) in the neuroplasm

Question 16

The motor portion of the autonomic nervous system can be divided into:

A) sympathetic division
B) parasympathetic division
C) enteric division
D) sympathetic division and parasympathetic division
E) all of these choices

Question 17

What phenomenon explains why a light touch feels different than a touch applied with more pressure?

A) saltatory conduction
B) continuous conduction
C) frequency of impulses
D) propagation
E) refractory period

Question 18

Which is not a type of channel used in production of an electrical signal in neurons?

A) leakage channel
B) voltage-gated channel
C) ligand-gated channel
D) mechanically gated channel
E) ion dependent channel

Question 19

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the membrane depolarize to threshold

A) ligand gated Ca⁺ channels close rapidly.
B) voltage gated CA⁺ channels open rapidly.
C) ligand gated Na⁺ channels close rapidly.
D) voltage gated Na⁺ channels open rapidly.
E) none of these choices.

Question 20

A depolarizing graded potential

A) makes the membrane more polarized.
B) makes the membrane less polarized.
C) is not considered a graded potential.
D) is the last part of an action potential.
E) is seen when the cell approaches threshold.

Question 21

In the diagram where are the Nodes of Ranvier?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 22

This is comprised of flattened cells that encircle the axon.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 23

In the diagram below, where is the synaptic bulb?

A) A
B) B
C) I
D) D
E) Both A and D

Question 24

In the diagram, which pictures a mechanically gated channel?

A) O
B) N
C) M
D) L

Question 25

In the CNS, this is produced by oligodendrocytes.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 26

Describe the three conditions that allow maintenance of the resting membrane potential in excitable cells.

Question 27

Which portion of the diagram represents the myelin sheath as it is wrapped around the neurolemma?

A) C
B) D
C) E
D) F
E) G

Question 28

In the diagram where are axon terminals?

A) F
B) G
C) H
D) I
E) None of these choices

Question 29

Briefly describe what causes the depolarizing phase.

Question 30

What factors limit neurogenesis.

Question 31

Using the diagram, identify the sensory neuron.

A) L
B) M
C) N
D) O
E) P

Question 32

Using the diagram, identify the sensory receptor.

A) L
B) M
C) N
D) O
E) P

Question 33

In the diagram, which figure demonstrates a leak channel?

A) O
B) N
C) M
D) L

Question 34

This electrically insulates the axon of a neuron to increase the speed of nerve impulse conduction.

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 35

A postsynaptic neuron may respond to inhibitory and excitatory effects in which of the following ways:

A) EPSP
B) nerve impulse
C) IPSP
D) both EPSP and IPSP
E) all of these choices

Question 36

Plasticity means

A) the ability to regenerate.
B) sending a signal through a converging circuit.
C) signal transmission at a synapse.
D) capability to change based on experience.
E) the ability to stretch without damage.

Question 37

Which part of the diagram contains organelles and Nissl bodies?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) E
E) Both a and b

Question 38

Using the diagram, identify the lower motor neuron.

A) L
B) M
C) N
D) O
E) P

Question 39

In the diagram, which figure demonstrates a voltage-gated channel?

A) O
B) N
C) M
D) L

Question 40

In the diagram, where is the axon collateral?

A) C
B) D
C) F
D) H
E) I

Question 41

Which letter indicates the Na⁺ leak channel?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 42

Using the diagram, which arrow is pointing to the axon hillock?

A) L
B) M
C) N
D) O

Question 43

The resting membrane potential is indicated by which letter?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 44

When a depolarizing graded potential makes the axon membrane depolarize to threshold,

A) ligand-gated Ca⁺² channels close rapidly.
B) voltage-gated Ca⁺² channels open rapidly.
C) ligand-gated Na⁺ channels close rapidly.
D) voltage-gated Na⁺ channels open rapidly.
E) none of these choices.

Question 45

Which letter indicates neurons?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 46

Why does a light touch feel differently than a firm touch?

Question 47

A depolarizing graded potential

A) makes the membrane more polarized.
B) makes the membrane less polarized.
C) is considered a type of action potential.
D) is the last part of an action potential.
E) is seen when the cell approaches threshold.

Question 48

Using the diagram, which arrow is pointing to the nodes of Ranvier?

A) L
B) M
C) N
D) O

Question 49

Explain the phenomenon of an EPSP.

Question 50

Depolarizing graded potentials originate in the dendrites or cell body of a neuron and then travel to the ___.

A) axon
B) Schwann cell
C) motor-end plate
D) trigger zone
E) end plate

Question 51

Which letter indicates the Na⁺-K⁺ pump?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 52

Which letter indicates an astrocyte?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 53

Explain an axosomatic synapse.

Question 54

Using the diagram, which arrow is pointing to salutatory conduction?

A) L
B) M
C) N
D) O

Question 55

Under which condition might the resting membrane potential become lower than normal?

A) Na⁺ gates remain open longer
B) K⁺ gates remain open longer
C) Na⁺ gates close early
D) K⁺ gates close early

Question 56

Which letter indicates microglial cells?

A) A
B) B
C) C
D) D
E) E

Question 57

In the diagram, which figure demonstrates a ligand-gated channel?

A) O
B) N
C) M
D) L

Question 58

Resting membrane potential is ___.

A) 55mV
B) -55mV
C) 60mV
D) -70mV
E) 70mV

Question 59

Which structure is indicated by the letter E?

A) astrocyte
B) microvillus
C) microglial cell
D) neurons
E) oligodendrocytes

Question 60

Using the diagram, which arrow is pointing to current flow due to opening of Na⁺ channels?

A) L
B) M
C) N
D) O
E) M and N

Question 61

During the resting state of a voltage-gated Na⁺ channel,

A) the inactivation gate is open.
B) the activation gate is closed.
C) the channel is permeable to Na+.
D) both the inactivation gate is open and the activation gate is closed.
E) all of these choices.

Question 62

Which type of axons has the largest diameter?

A) A fibers
B) B fibers
C) C fibers
D) A and B fibers
E) B and C fibers

Question 63

Name the type of membrane channel that opens in response to touch, pressure, vibration, or tissue stretching and is found in the auditory receptors of the ear, and in touch and pressure receptors in the skin.

A) leakage channel
B) ligand-gated channels
C) mechanically gated channels
D) voltage-gated channels
E) temperature-sensitive channel

Question 64

Name the type of membrane channel that opens in response to changes in membrane potential and is located in axons of all types of neurons.

A) leakage channel
B) ligand-gated channels
C) mechanically gated channels
D) voltage-gated channels
E) temperature-sensitive channel

Question 65

When the summed total of postsynaptic potentials rises above threshold, creation of action potentials occurs

A) in the synaptic cleft.
B) in the dendrites.
C) at the trigger zone.
D) in the neuron nucleus.
E) in the neuroplasm.

Question 66

Faster communication and synchronization are two advantages of

A) chemical synapses.
B) electrical synapses.
C) ligand-gated channels.
D) voltage-gated channels.
E) mechanically-gated channels.

Question 67

A postsynaptic neuron responds to neurotransmitters released by a presynaptic neuron by creating

A) EPSPs.
B) water-filled channels in its membrane.
C) IPSPs.
D) either EPSPs or IPSPs.
E) all of these choices.

Question 68

The nervous system can distinguish between a light touch and a heavier touch by

A) saltatory conduction.
B) continuous conduction of graded potentials.
C) changing the frequency of impulses sent to sensory centers.
D) propagation action potential in both directions.
E) modifying the length of the refractory period.

Question 69

IPSP stands for

A) inhibitory presynaptic summation potential.
B) inhibitory postsynaptic summation potential.
C) inhibitory postsynaptic potential.
D) inhibitory presynaptic potential.
E) none of these choices.

Question 70

During this period, a second action potential can only be initiated by a larger than normal stimulus.

A) latent period
B) absolute refractory period
C) relative refractory period
D) all of these choices
E) none of these choices

Question 71

An excitatory neurotransmitter ___ the postsynaptic membrane.

A) depolarizes
B) repolarizes
C) hyperpolarizes
D) does not affect the polarity of
E) moves across channels in

Question 72

Name the type of membrane channel that randomly opens and closes and is found in dendrites, cell bodies, and axons of all types of neurons.

A) leak channel
B) ligand-gated channel
C) mechanically gated channel
D) voltage-gated channel
E) pressure-sensitive channel

Question 73

Chromatolysis refers to

A) break up of lysosomes after neural injury.
B) Wallerian degeneration after neural injury.
C) plasticity of neuron.
D) break up of Nissl bodies after neural injury.
E) none of these choices.

Question 74

Which of the following terms is used to describe a type of synapse?

A) axodendritic
B) axosomatic
C) axoaxonic
D) none of these choices
E) all of these choices

Question 75

Name the type of membrane channel that opens in response to chemical binding and is found in dendrites of some sensory receptors like pain receptors, and in the dendrites and cell bodies of interneurons and motor neurons.

A) leakage channel
B) ligand-gated channels
C) mechanically gated channels
D) voltage-gated channels
E) pressure-sensitive channel

Question 76

Plasticity means:

A) ability to regenerate after being damaged
B) sending a signal through a converging circuit
C) signal transmission at a synapse
D) ability to change based on experience
E) ability to stretch and recoil without damage

Question 77

Diffusion, enzymatic degradation, and uptake by cells are all ways to

A) remove a neurotransmitter.
B) stop a spatial summation.
C) continue a temporal summation.
D) inhibit a presynaptic potential.
E) excite a presynaptic potential.

Question 78

Saltatory conduction

A) can occur in unmyelinated axons.
B) happens due to an even distribution of voltage-gated Na⁺ channels.
C) encodes only action potentials that are initiated in response to pain.
D) occurs in unmyelinated axons and happens due to even distribution of voltage-gated Na⁺ channels.
E) occurs only in myelinated axons.

Question 79

Wallerian degeneration refers to

A) degeneration of the proximal end of axon and myelin sheath after neural injury.
B) degeneration of the distal end of axon and myelin sheath after neural injury.
C) break of Nissl bodies after neural injury.
D) plasticity of neuron.
E) none of these choices.

Question 80

This type of neural circuit consists of a single presynaptic neuron synapsing with several postsynaptic neurons.

A) diverging circuit
B) converging circuit
C) reverberating circuit
D) parallel after-discharge circuit
E) normal circuit