Deck 2: Learning, cognition, and Memory

Question 1

Ms. Goodsell is thinking about how she might help the students in her introductory French class learn to pronounce the word bonjour correctly. Which one of her thoughts below is most consistent with a social cognitive theory perspective of learning?

A)"If I explain the parts of the word-if I tell them that bon means "good" and jour means "day"-then they will have an easier time understanding why the word is pronounced the way it is."
B)"I need to be patient. Correct pronunciation will come in time for those students who are really motivated to speak French."
C)"Maybe I should explain how certain letters and letter combinations are consistently pronounced differently in French than they are in English."
D)"Maybe I should show them how I form my mouth and lips as I pronounce the word and then encourage them to imitate me."

Answer 1

"Maybe I should show them how I form my mouth and lips as I pronounce the word and then encourage them to imitate me."

Question 2

Which one of the following scenarios best reflects the basic idea of individual constructivism?

A)A students receives a sticker from his music teacher when he is able to play the F major scale on his saxophone without any mistakes.
B)Four students in a study group divide the day's reading assignment into four sections. Each student reads a section and then teaches the material to the other group members.
C)A student tries to make sense of a poorly written and confusing magazine article.
D)A student watches his physical education teacher as the teacher shows his class the arm motion for throwing a football.

Answer 2

A student tries to make sense of a poorly written and confusing magazine article.

Question 3

As Chalonte reads her science textbook,she encounters the word ecology for the first time and uses the context to figure out what the word means. Given what we know about how the brain functions,we could reasonably assume that most of her mental "work" is being done:

A)In her right hemisphere.
B)In many parts of her brain.
C)In the occipital lobes,located at the back of her brain.
D)In a part of the cortex known as Wernicke's area,above the left ear.

Answer 3

In many parts of her brain.

Question 4

Which one of the following statements best describes sociocultural theory?

A)Children learn more effectively when they study material that is consistent with their preexisting beliefs about the world.
B)What children learn depends on the particular cultural context in which they grow up.
C)Children learn most effectively when the environment nurtures their social and emotional needs.
D)Children learn much more from their peers than they do from adults.

Question 5

Many psychologists believe that learning and understanding are often quite constructive in nature. Three of the following scenarios illustrate such construction. Which scenario does not necessarily involve construction in learning?

A)Although no one has ever told her so,Peggy thinks that the night sky is a big black blanket covering the earth and that the blanket has tiny holes through which the stars shine.
B)Mr. McFarland asks his third graders to practice their multiplication tables every day. After a month of such practice,Misty can retrieve all the basic multiplication facts quickly and easily.
C)When George reads about the Vietnam War in his history book,he comes to the conclusion that the United States should never have gotten involved in Southeast Asia.
D)Because the word photosynthesis begins with photo,Jeremy guesses that it must have something to do with taking photographs.

Question 6

Reynelda has trouble tracing a complex shape with a pencil when she is in kindergarten,but she can do it quite well by the time she is in second grade. Is this an instance of learning?

A)Yes,because her behavior has changed
B)No,because the circumstances are too dissimilar
C)Maybe,although the change may be due to physiological maturation rather than experience
D)Maybe,but only if she is being reinforced for tracing accurately

Question 7

As human beings,we encounter a great many stimuli at any one time. Which one of the following alternatives most accurately reflects educational psychologists' perspective about how we respond to all these stimuli?

A)By learning to use effective long-term memory storage processes,we can eventually begin to remember almost everything we encounter.
B)We must select the things we think are most important to learn and remember,and ignore the rest.
C)We remember virtually everything we experience,but we have trouble retrieving most of it.
D)We cannot remember everything,and we have little control over the things that we do remember.

Question 8

Behaviorists view learning differently than information processing theorists and constructivists do. Which one of the following statements best describes the difference?

A)Behaviorism focuses on temporary changes; information processing theory and constructivism focus on long-term changes.
B)Behaviorism focuses on long-term changes; information processing theory and constructivism focus on temporary changes.
C)Behaviorism focuses on mental phenomena; information processing theory and constructivism focus on observable behaviors.
D)Behaviorism focuses on observable behaviors; information processing theory and constructivism focus on mental phenomena.

Question 9

Which one of the following scenarios best reflects the basic idea of social constructivism?

A)Two students discuss possible interpretations of the proverb,"We only know the worth of water when the well is dry."
B)A teacher assigns a laboratory activity using cumbersome equipment that students can only use successfully by working in pairs.
C)When a student borrows a classmate's marker without asking and then forgets to put the cap back on,leaving it dried out and useless by the following morning,her teacher reminds her of one of the class rules: "Respect other students' property."
D)Four students in a study group divide the day's reading assignment into four sections. Each student reads a section and then teaches the material to the other group members.

Question 10

Which one of the following statements best describes the idea that learning involves a process of construction?

A)Students must learn certain things very well before they can begin to understand other things.
B)Students must learn ideas in a concrete form before learning them as abstractions.
C)Students combine pieces of information about a topic to create their own understandings.
D)Students develop increasingly complex and sophisticated thought processes as they grow older.

Question 11

Which one of the following is the best example of encoding while learning state capitals?

A)Abe tries to learn that Richmond is the capital of Virginia by visualizing rich men (because it sounds like "Richmond")standing on a map of Virginia.
B)Bernice tries to learn that St. Paul is the capital of Minnesota by repeating "St. Paul,Minnesota" many times in rapid succession.
C)Corey tries to learn that Austin is the capital of Texas by making sure he is relaxed before he studies this information.
D)Darcy tries to learn that Sacramento is the capital of California by having a tape recorder play "Sacramento,California," over and over while she sleeps.

Question 12

As his teacher reads a story,Wesley pictures the main characters the way he thinks they must look. By forming visual images based on the verbal descriptions his teacher reads,Wesley is ________ those descriptions.

A)using verbal mediation to learn
B)organizing
C)retrieving
D)encoding

Question 13

Three of the following statements are consistent with general principles of learning presented in the textbook. Which one is not consistent with these principles?

A)Different people may learn different things from the same experience if they process it differently.
B)People don't just passively absorb knowledge like a sponge; instead,they actively construct it.
C)People learn in ways that are very similar to how most other animal species learn.
D)People's existing beliefs about a topic influence the new things they learn about the topic.

Question 14

Which one of the following best describes our current knowledge about the brain and learning?

A)We know that learning is associated with the formation of new synapses and may also involve creation of new astrocytes.
B)We know that large doses of certain vitamins promote brain growth and lead to more rapid and efficient learning.
C)We know that "left-brained" individuals are,on average,more effective learners than "right-brained" individuals.
D)We know that the long-term memories of rapid learners are about 20% larger than the long-term memories of slow learners.

Question 15

Which one of the following best describes how neurons transmit messages to one another?

A)By joining their axons
B)By fusing the axon of one with a dendrite of the other
C)By stimulating dendrites to "poke" neighboring neurons
D)By sending chemical substances across a tiny gap between them

Question 16

Three of the following are examples of learned behavior. Given the textbook's definition of learning,which behavior is most likely not an example of learned behavior?

A)Abigail cries because of a painful ear infection.
B)After many hours of heated debate with a friend,Brian begins to modify his religious beliefs.
C)Cara suddenly recognizes how the division fact "24 ÷ 4 = 6" is related to the multiplication fact "6 x 4 = 24."
D)Ever since David was bitten by a German shepherd two years ago,he runs away from them when he sees them.

Question 17

Social cognitive theory can best be characterized as being concerned with learning:

A)Communication skills.
B)Socially appropriate behaviors.
C)Through observations of others.
D)From a sociological rather than psychological perspective.

Question 18

Which one of the following is located primarily in the upper and outer parts (the cortex)of the brain?

A)Essential physiological processes (e.g.,breathing,heart rate)
B)Body movements (e.g.,walking,riding a bicycle)
C)Basic perceptual skills (e.g.,coordinating eye movements)
D)Complex thinking (e.g.,reasoning,decision making)

Question 19

Mr. Loosigian is worried about Jerri,a girl who is struggling in his seventh-grade class. He thinks about several different reasons why she might be having so much difficulty with her schoolwork. Which one of the reasons he considers is consistent with a behaviorist perspective of learning?

A)"Maybe she isn't paying attention as much as she should be."
B)"Maybe I don't praise her enough when she does something well."
C)"Maybe she has trouble understanding the things she reads."
D)"Maybe she has trouble remembering things from one day to the next."

Question 20

Knowledge of brain physiology ("brain research")is useful to teachers because it:

A)Identifies knowledge and skills that are important in a particular culture.
B)Provides guidance as to how teachers can help students acquire knowledge and skills.
C)Helps teachers understand the neurological bases of certain disabilities (e.g.,dyslexia).
D)Identifies which methods of instruction are most helpful in a particular subject area (e.g.,science).

Question 21

Eunice had trouble learning the formula for calculating the area of a circle,so she is saying it to herself over and over while the teacher passes out a geometry test. Eunice is demonstrating:

A)Storage in the sensory register.
B)Retrieval from long-term memory.
C)The use of rehearsal.
D)The use of verbal mediation.

Question 22

When cognitive psychologists talk about the process of "putting" things in memory,they often use the term:

A)Retrieval.
B)Selectivity.
C)Inference-drawing.
D)Storage.

Question 23

Jay knows what a "smart phone" (such as an iPhone)is and knows how to send a text message. The difference between these two kinds of knowledge can best be characterized as a difference between:

A)Declarative knowledge vs. procedural knowledge.
B)Visual imagery vs. elaboration.
C)Rehearsal vs. organization.
D)Long-term memory vs. working memory.

Question 24

Which one of the following statements best describes the three-component model of memory presented in the textbook?

A)All information that reaches the sensory register also reaches working memory,but only a small percentage of this information is stored in long-term memory.
B)Information that must be remembered for a long time goes directly from the sensory register to long-term memory; less important information is stored in working memory.
C)The three components of memory are used to store different kinds of information: visual images are stored in the sensory register,most numerical information is stored in working memory,and verbal information is stored in long-term memory.
D)All information that enters long-term memory must first pass through the sensory register and working memory.

Question 25

Which one of the following situations reflects the typical duration of working memory?

A)Arnie remembers his locker combination through the entire school year. By the end of summer vacation,however,he has forgotten it.
B)At noon,Barney makes a mental list of the five homework assignments he needs to complete that night. At 3:00 he checks himself and realizes that he still remembers all five. However,by 7:00 p.m. he cannot recall two of the five assignments.
C)Carol remembers most of the information she has been learning about World War II in class this week,but she remembers very little of what she learned about World War I two weeks ago.
D)Darrell looks up the correct spelling of the word fossil,repeats the letters once,and closes the dictionary. By the time he finds a piece of paper on which to write the word,he has forgotten how to spell it.

Question 26

During a lecture about World War II,Mr. Cochran tells his class about some of the major leaders of the countries involved in the war. He then asks Kathy to identify the leader of Great Britain during World War II,and she correctly responds,"Winston Churchill." At the time she answers the question,Kathy is exhibiting:

A)Storage.
B)Retrieval.
C)Elaboration.
D)Rehearsal.

Question 27

To prepare for his test on Tuesday morning,Harry studied on Monday night. He remembered the information long enough to do well on the test on Tuesday but could not remember it for a surprise quiz a week later. Based on this information,how far in Harry's memory system did the information get?

A)It reached the sensory register.
B)It reached working memory.
C)It reached long-term memory.
D)It never got into the memory system at all.

Question 28

Mr. Wagner stands in front of the class explaining the process of evolution. Ellen is sitting in the front row,but her mind is on the argument she had with her best friend just before class. Based on this information,how far in Ellen's memory system did Mr. Wagner's lecture get?

A)It reached the sensory register.
B)It reached working memory.
C)It reached long-term memory.
D)It never got into the memory system at all.

Question 29

Which one of the following statements best characterizes working memory (sometimes known as short-term memory)?

A)It holds information for several hours and includes only things that we know we will need later on.
B)It holds information for two to five minutes,longer if we engage in rehearsal.
C)It actively processes a small amount of information,typically holding it for less than a minute.
D)It holds processed information for several days or weeks,but usually not forever.

Question 30

Which one of the following statements best characterizes the duration of the sensory register?

A)Information can last indefinitely in the sensory register if the visual or auditory image is periodically retrieved.
B)Meaningless information fades quickly,but meaningful information may remain for hours.
C)Visual information lasts less than a second,with auditory information lasting a bit longer.
D)Information remains for about 10 seconds regardless of its nature.

Question 31

Which one of the following best reflects the use of the sensory register component of memory?

A)You can remember a tune for several hours,even though you don't remember the words.
B)You can remember something you heard for a second or two even though you weren't paying attention.
C)You can remember the name of a person just long enough to introduce her to someone else.
D)You can remember the concept of reinforcement because you are able to relate it to your own past experiences.

Question 32

Which one of the following statements best describes a concept?

A)A definition that is learned verbatim
B)A vague,intuitive idea about an area of knowledge
C)A category of similar objects or events
D)A concrete example of an abstract idea

Question 33

Considering how psychologists characterize attention,identify the pair of activities that most people would have the most trouble doing at the exact same time.

A)Thinking about what to cook for dinner while combing one's hair
B)Watching a YouTube video while studying for an exam
C)Carrying on a conversation about the meaning of life while walking down the street
D)Mentally planning a weekend camping trip while jogging

Question 34

Gretchen thinks about Christopher Columbus,which reminds her of Spain,which in turn reminds her that she needs to do her homework for her Spanish class. Which one of the following does Gretchen's train of thought best illustrate?

A)The interconnectedness of long-term memory
B)Elaboration in working memory
C)Reconstruction error in retrieval
D)Encoding during long-term memory storage

Question 35

Psychologists often emphasize the importance of attention in the learning process. From the perspective of the three-component model of memory,why is attention so important?

A)It gets information into the sensory register.
B)It moves information from working memory into long-term memory.
C)It moves information from the sensory register into long-term memory.
D)It moves information from the sensory register into working memory.

Question 36

Wendy sees a picture of a beach and then later tries to draw the picture from memory. She draws shells on the beach even though the beach in the picture had no shells. Using psychologists' concept of schema,how could we explain Wendy's error?

A)Wendy has a schema for shells but does not have one for beaches.
B)Wendy has a schema for beaches but does not have one for shells.
C)Wendy's schemas of beaches and shells are interfering with each other.
D)Wendy's schema of a typical beach includes shells.

Question 37

In contemporary psychology,a schema can best be described as:

A)Tightly organized sets of facts about a certain concept or phenomenon.
B)A plan of action regarding how to learn something.
C)A set of reasons why a student would want to learn something.
D)A basic piece of information upon which most other knowledge must build.

Question 38

Which one of the following statements best describes the sensory register?

A)It holds everything that is sensed in a relatively unencoded fashion.
B)It encodes information largely in terms of underlying meanings.
C)It holds only a small amount of information,selecting things that will probably be important to know.
D)It holds only a small amount of information,selecting things more or less at random.

Question 39

The fact that it is difficult to think about too many things all at the same time,such as watching a YouTube video and studying for a test,reflects:

A)The nature of the sensory register.
B)The concrete nature of visual imagery.
C)The constructive nature of long-term memory.
D)The limited capacity of working memory.

Question 40

Susan hears her teacher say,"Seven times nine is 63," and immediately repeats this math fact to herself three times. Five minutes later,Susan cannot respond correctly when her teacher asks,"What is seven times nine?" Based on this information,how far in Susan's memory system did the math fact probably get?

A)It reached the sensory register.
B)It reached working memory.
C)It reached long-term memory.
D)It never got into the memory system at all.

Question 41

Cordell is trying to remember the various rocks he has been studying in his earth science class (granite,sandstone,limestone,obsidian,marble,etc.). He finally decides it would be easiest if he studied them as three groups: sedimentary,igneous,and metamorphic. Considering research regarding this strategy,Cordell should:

A)Have an easier time remembering them because he's organizing them.
B)Have a more difficult time remembering them because he must remember the three groupings as well as the rocks themselves.
C)Have an easier time remembering them only if he also looks at pictures of each kind of rock.
D)Have a more difficult time remembering them because he's using only rehearsal to learn them.

Question 42

Three of the following statements accurately characterize rote learning. Which statement is not true of rote learning?

A)Few if any connections are made to existing knowledge.
B)Information is learned in a relatively meaningless fashion.
C)Repetition is the main strategy used during storage.
D)Information is stored as one or more visual images.

Question 43

In contemporary psychology,a script can best be described as:

A)A prescribed way of talking oneself through a difficult situation.
B)Knowledge about the typical sequence of events in an activity.
C)The things (e.g.,"small talk")that someone typically says when initiating a conversation with someone else.
D)The approach a teacher tells students to use in order to remember classroom material.

Question 44

Considering developmental trends in long-term memory storage processes,choose the statement that best characterizes how kindergartners are apt to approach school learning tasks.

A)They construct vivid visual and auditory images of what they see and hear in the classroom.
B)They make mental lists of things to remember,but with little follow-through in studying the lists.
C)They make few,if any,intentional efforts to learn and remember something.
D)They continually ask "why" questions to help them make better sense of classroom subject matter.

Question 45

When you are studying for a test,you may often try to identify interrelationships among the new pieces of information you are learning. Psychologists call this process:

A)Facilitative interference.
B)Organization.
C)Rehearsal.
D)Automaticity.

Question 46

Which one of the following alternatives best describes the process of elaboration of new information?

A)Paying careful attention to the most important aspects of new information
B)Failing to notice significant aspects of new information
C)Constructing meaning by adding something already known to new information
D)Remembering the order in which several pieces of new information are received

Question 47

Tyler learns that Christopher Columbus's first voyage across the Atlantic was financed by Queen Isabella of Spain. He thinks to himself,"She probably thought she would make a profit on her investment." By speculating about the queen's motives,Tyler is demonstrating which one of the following processes?

A)Elaboration
B)Imagery
C)Rehearsal
D)Organization

Question 48

To help herself learn the early explorers of the New World,Jessica makes a chart that lists the Spanish explorers together,the Portuguese explorers together,the French explorers together,and so on. Which one of the following processes is Jessica most clearly demonstrating?

A)Elaboration
B)The keyword technique
C)Rehearsal
D)Organization

Question 49

Nicole learns the formula "E = mc²" by repeating it to herself many times. Which one of the following processes is Nicole most clearly demonstrating?

A)Elaboration
B)Meaningful learning
C)Rehearsal
D)Internal organization

Question 50

To learn how to spell rhinoceros,Paula repeats the letters of the word over and over without really thinking about what she is saying or using any other encoding strategies. Considering what psychologists have learned about the effectiveness of rehearsal,we can predict that Paula's strategy will be:

A)Highly effective.
B)Effective only if she says the letters in a very loud voice.
C)Effective only if she says the letters slowly (e.g.,at a rate of one letter per second).
D)Relatively ineffective.

Question 51

As Jane reads about General Custer's last stand,she pictures him as he must have looked,with long blonde hair and a full mustache,riding tall and proud on the open plain just before he was attacked. Considering what psychologists have learned about the effectiveness of visual imagery,we can predict that Jane will:

A)Get confused by the vividness of her visual image.
B)Remember the information better than she might otherwise.
C)Store the information in her working memory rather than in her long-term memory.
D)Remember her image without any loss of detail for a year or longer.

Question 52

Which one of the following examples best illustrates the use of a personally constructed theory as a child learns the concept spider?

A)Julian assumes that spiders give birth to live baby spiders,just as people give birth to live infants.
B)Ian learns that spiders have eight legs,whereas insects have only six.
C)Rudy learns that spiders,along with scorpions and ticks,are members of the arachnid class.
D)Duc remembers what happened when his cousin was bitten by a black widow spider.

Question 53

Travis realizes that the year World War II ended-1945-is the same year his grandfather was born. Which one of the following processes is Travis most clearly demonstrating?

A)Use of a mnemonic
B)Meaningful learning
C)Rehearsal
D)Distributed practice

Question 54

In which of these situations is information most likely to be stored effectively in long-term memory?

A)Abby looks up the correct spelling of independence and immediately writes it down.
B)Bob repeats "Comment allez vous?" after his teacher five times in a row.
C)Corinne realizes that the word receive follows the "I before E except after C" rule.
D)David stares at a page in his textbook trying to form a visual snapshot of the page in his mind.

Question 55

Which one of the following statements best describes how learners often acquire procedural knowledge?

A)Learners first learn it as declarative knowledge; with time and practice,it gradually becomes procedural knowledge.
B)Learners first learn it as one or more auditory images; eventually,they recode it into visual images.
C)Learners initially acquire it in an automatic,"unthinking" form; eventually,it evolves into knowledge that they can talk about and describe.
D)Learners bypass working memory; the knowledge goes immediately from the sensory register into long-term memory.

Question 56

Which one of the following statements best describes psychologists' proposal that children's knowledge sometimes takes the form of theories?

A)The ways in which children categorize their experiences usually have little relevance to physical reality.
B)Children develop a general set of beliefs about how the world operates.
C)In the early years,children develop concrete understandings of events; these understandings become increasingly abstract as they reach adolescence.
D)Children form hypotheses about what things are and are not examples of a concept.

Question 57

Four students are storing this fact: "Europeans first settled at St. Augustine,Florida,in 1565." Based on the following information,which student is probably going to have the most difficult time retrieving the information from long-term memory a few days later?

A)Alexander repeats the fact to himself 10 times in a row.
B)Blondie once visited the fortress there and recalls that it was several hundred years old.
C)Cookie realizes that 1565 was more than four hundred years ago.
D)Dagwood realizes that the Spanish settled in St. Augustine,Florida,before the Pilgrims landed at Plymouth.

Question 58

Mr. Martinez wants his first-grade students to be able to identify 200 reading words quickly and automatically. Which one of the following techniques will best help his students achieve that goal?

A)Tell them how important it is for them to know the words.
B)Explain how the letters of the words are related to their pronunciations.
C)Explain how some of the letters in the words are "silent letters."
D)Give them lots of practice reading the words.

Question 59

Sarah needs to know her division facts for a quiz tomorrow. She wants to do as well as she possibly can on the quiz. Taking what psychologists have learned about automaticity into account,which one of the following would be the best advice to give Sarah?

A)"Repeat each fact at least five times silently."
B)"Repeat each fact at least five times out loud."
C)"Study the facts until you know each one and then do something entirely different until morning."
D)"Study the facts until you know them all perfectly,and then continue to practice them periodically after that."

Question 60

Four boys read this line from a story: "The two men entered the restaurant and ordered hamburgers." Which one of the boys is clearly using a script while reading the story?

A)Alex assumes that the men probably looked at a menu before ordering.
B)Bob is guessing that the men probably have evil motives.
C)Colin wonders what the men look like.
D)Devon thinks that the men should be more careful about their cholesterol intake.

Question 61

Successful retrieval of information from long-term memory depends on three of the following factors. On which one does retrieval not depend?

A)The part of long-term memory being searched
B)How the information was stored in the first place
C)The duration of a learner's working memory
D)The presence of relevant retrieval cues

Question 62

Ms. Iwata has a long-term goal for her science students: to consider what they have learned about science as they deal with issues and problems in their daily lives. What teaching strategy will best help her students retrieve relevant scientific principles when they need them the most?

A)Make sure that students study those principles in a no-anxiety situation.
B)Associate those principles with as many real-life situations as possible.
C)Maximize the use of concrete materials,and minimize the use of abstract ideas.
D)Maximize the use of abstract ideas,and minimize the use of concrete materials.

Question 63

To remind her first-grade son Kevin to bring his umbrella home from school,his mother pins a drawing of an umbrella to Kevin's jacket collar. Kevin's mother is helping him remember the umbrella through the use of:

A)A superimposed meaningful structure.
B)A retrieval cue.
C)The keyword method.
D)Verbal mediation.

Question 64

Jenny is taking a quiz that asks for the chemical symbols of 20 elements. She remembers 19 of them but cannot remember the symbol for mercury. As she walks home from school,she suddenly remembers that the symbol for mercury is Hg. Jenny's memory problem during the quiz can best be explained in terms of:

A)The effects of misconceptions.
B)Reconstruction error.
C)Decay.
D)Failure to retrieve.

Question 65

The textbook recommends a number of strategies for increasing students' attention in the classroom. Which one of the following alternatives,while possibly beneficial for other reasons,is not necessarily recommended as a strategy for increasing attention?

A)Follow a predictable routine every day.
B)Vary classroom presentation methods.
C)Encourage note taking.
D)Provide concrete manipulatives with which students can discover some ideas for themselves.

Question 66

Morris is trying to remember how to spell the word broccoli. He retrieves the first three letters (B R O)and the last three (O L I),then assumes that the "kuh" sound in the middle of the word must be a K. He writes "brokoli" on his paper. Morris' process of remembering how to spell the word (in this case,incorrectly)illustrates the use of:

A)A script.
B)A retrieval cue.
C)Construction in retrieval.
D)Verbal mediation.

Question 67

An advantage of knowing some skills to automaticity is that such skills:

A)Require less working memory capacity.
B)Promote the development of retrieval cues.
C)Make meaningful learning of those skills unnecessary.
D)Enhance the reconstructive nature of retrieval.

Question 68

Three of the following teachers are using strategies that should help students learn information effectively. Which one is not necessarily promoting effective cognitive processing?

A)Mr. Ayotte helps students identify important ideas in their textbooks.
B)Ms. Bertinelli has students repeat definitions of new vocabulary words out loud.
C)Mr. Canton makes sure that students are paying attention before he begins class.
D)Ms. Darwin talks about how famous battles in history are in some ways similar to the conflicts students sometimes have on the playground.

Question 69

Three of the following are common misconceptions that elementary or secondary students are likely to have. Which one is not necessarily a common misconception?

A)Any moving object has a force acting on it.
B)Most animals can survive for months without food.
C)Rivers always flow from north to south.
D)The earth is shaped like a disk.

Question 70

When beginning a unit on the digestive system with his fourth graders,Mr. Macum asks his students,"What happens when you chew your food? Your teeth are working hard,to be sure. But what else does your mouth do when it has food in it?" Mr. Macum is using a strategy known as:

A)Prior knowledge activation.
B)The keyword method.
C)Verbal mediation.
D)A script.

Question 71

Which of the following statements does not have a solid foundation in brain-based research?

A)Physical exercise can enhance the functioning of the central executive.
B)Mental "relaxation" is usually not needed because it wastes time that could otherwise be spent learning something new.
C)Learning activities that provide intellectual stimulation can foster the growth of new neurons.
D)A good night's sleep can lead to improved memories.

Question 72

Which one of the following illustrates confirmation bias?

A)Barack feels much better when his teacher gives him a high grade rather than low grade on a writing assignment. He gets depressed when he thinks his work might be anything less than perfect.
B)When Lavina reads about the migratory behavior of Canada geese,she is very curious about why the geese travel along certain routes (flyways). She spends an entire evening searching the Internet for a scientific explanation of their behavior.
C)In his geography class,Carlos likes the unit on South America more than the unit on Africa because his grandfather was born and raised in Colombia.
D)Jayne thinks that metal objects always sink. When she places an aluminum pie plate in a tub of water and sees that it floats,she says,"It only looks like aluminum; it must be plastic with silver paint on it."

Question 73

Three of the following mathematics teachers are using techniques that should help their students remember information. Which one is using a relatively ineffective technique?

A)Mr. Allen uses wooden blocks and diagrams to help students understand how the volume of a cube is calculated.
B)Ms. Batchelder asks students to think of real-life problems requiring the use of multiplication.
C)Mr. Constanza shows his students how division is simply the reverse of multiplication.
D)Ms. Davenport asks her students to memorize textbook definitions of eight geometric figures.

Question 74

Which of the following is not consistent with brain research?

A)Teachers should challenge students to think nonstop throughout the day so that they don't have any time for "mental relaxation."
B)Physical exercise has been shown to enhance the functioning of the central executive.
C)Sleep is important to learning because students consolidate new memories while they are sleeping.
D)Physical exercise is beneficial to the health of the brain.

Question 75

A language arts teacher teaches her students the parts of speech (nouns,verbs,adjectives,etc.)and wants her students to continue to remember them as they study English and foreign languages in the years to come. Considering the factors affecting retrieval of information from long-term memory,choose the strategy below that should maximize the likelihood that students will remember the different parts of speech over the long run.

A)Have students study them early in the school year and periodically review them in various contexts throughout the year.
B)Have students study them intensely for a month,and then stay away from any discussion of them for the rest of the school year.
C)Have students study each part of speech separately,perhaps a different one each month.
D)Have students memorize definitions of each part of speech until they can recite the definitions word for word.

Question 76

Considering developmental trends in long-term memory storage processes,choose the statement that best characterizes how high school students are apt to approach school learning tasks.

A)Even at the high school level,most students do little or nothing to help them learn and remember school subject matter.
B)Students rely largely on visual imagery for visual information; they are more apt to use rehearsal for auditory information.
C)Some students intentionally elaborate on and organize class material; others rely largely on rehearsal.
D)Elaboration and organization decrease over the high school years,in large part because such storage processes are less necessary as the brain matures to an adultlike form.

Question 77

Generally speaking,meaningful learning is an effective way of learning and remembering new information. An exception to this rule is when students:

A)Relate it to prior knowledge acquired before age 10.
B)Elaborate on the information using previously acquired misconceptions.
C)Organize it as a hierarchy rather than as a two-dimensional matrix.
D)Learn it very quickly.

Question 78

Three of these teachers will probably promote meaningful learning in their students. Which teacher,although possibly using a beneficial instructional strategy,is unlikely to promote meaningful learning?

A)Mr. Pulos demonstrates how the area of a triangle (area = 1/2 base × height)is half of something his students already know-the area of a rectangle.
B)Ms. Rubenstein asks her students to define peninsula in their own words.
C)Mr. Warner encourages his third graders to practice their cursive letters at least once every day.
D)Ms. Elms points out that the German word krank (meaning "sick")might be related to the English word cranky.

Question 79

Only one of the following teaching practices is consistent with what we know about working memory. Which one?

A)Mr. Adamson tells his students that,with practice,they will be able to do complicated long division problems in their heads.
B)Ms. Borelli tells her students that they should try to focus on main ideas rather than try to remember every detail.
C)Ms. Constas suggests that students in her Russian class listen to Russian audiotapes while they sleep.
D)Mr. Dominowski urges his students to put information for tomorrow's test in their "short-term memories."

Question 80

Lucy sees a boy who looks very familiar to her,but she can't remember who he is. Then the boy says something with a thick French accent,and Lucy suddenly realizes that he is the foreign exchange student from France. In this situation,the boy's French accent helps Lucy remember by:

A)Providing a retrieval cue.
B)Evoking a visual image.
C)Helping her elaborate on stored information.
D)Facilitating a reorganization of her long-term memory.