Deck 7: How Do We Study the Brains Structures and Functions 

Question 1

A study contrasting normal rats and ADX rats (which had their adrenal glands removed) observed that:

A)both groups of rats learned normally.
B)both groups of rats had difficulty remembering objects they had encountered before.
C)only ADX rats had difficulty remembering objects they had encountered before.
D)corticosterone plays no role in learning and memory.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

_____ is a technique that allows researchers to label different neurons by marking them with distinct colors using genetic manipulation.

A)Staining
B)Histology
C)Brainbow
D)Multiphoton imaging

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Lashley made lesions on the cortices of rats in his search for the location of memory. He found that:

A)memory resides in the hippocampus.
B)small lesions to the temporal lobes produce memory loss.
C)memory is distributed throughout the brain and not located in any single place.
D)None of the answers is correct.

Answer 3

C

Question 4

In a study on infant language, researchers found that when newborn infants listened to a familiar language, there was a(n) _____ in oxygenated hemoglobin, and when they listened to an unfamiliar language, there was _____ in oxygenated hemoglobin.

A)decrease; an increase
B)increase; no change
C)decrease; no change
D)increase; a decrease

Question 5

The first field to study the relationship between brain function and behavior was:

A)neurology.
B)neuropsychology.
C)physiological physiology.
D)behaviorism.

Question 6

To ablate means to:

A)rebuild or create.
B)remove or destroy.
C)remember or recollect.
D)study or analyze.

Question 7

Broca's area is located in the:

A)temporal lobe.
B)parietal lobe.
C)frontal lobe.
D)limbic lobe.

Question 8

Why are rats often used in research studies on behavior?

A)Rats tolerate physical stress well.
B)Rats have very large behavioral repertoires.
C)Rats are intensely social creatures.
D)Rats are exceptionally good swimmers.

Question 9

Modifying the brain and observing the effects on behavior is a valuable experimental tool because it allows:

A)researchers to develop testable hypotheses about how the brain influences behavior.
B)researchers to test a hypothesis experimentally.
C)for the development of animal models of human disorders.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 10

_____ is the study of the biological bases of behavior.

A)Behavioral biology
B)Psychology
C)Synthetic biology
D)Behavioral neuroscience

Question 11

The Corsi test measures:

A)verbal memory.
B)language.
C)sensory perception.
D)spatial memory.

Question 12

For measuring spatial memory in rats, the platform is placed in one location for numerous trials to measure _____, whereas for measuring _____, the platform is placed in a new location on each trial.

A)place learning; matching-to-place learning
B)matching-to-place learning; place learning
C)matching-to-place learning; landmark learning
D)landmark learning; matching-to-place learning

Question 13

The mirror-drawing task measures:

A)sensory perception.
B)motor memory.
C)sensory memory.
D)spatial memory.

Question 14

What does Brainbow allow researchers to do?

A)target specific pathways in the brain for surgical removal or dissection
B)see where neurons send their process and how they connect with other neurons
C)measure oxygen consumption to understand language use in babies
D)take static images of chemically stained tissue at high magnification

Question 15

A three-dimensional image of living tissue can be generated by:

A)multiphoton imaging.
B)an electron microscope.
C)electrocorticography.
D)magnetoencephalography.

Question 16

The _____ memory task measures whether subjects have seen an item before and, if so, how recently.

A)place-learning
B)recency
C)mirror-drawing
D)Corsi

Question 17

What is functional near-infrared spectroscopy?

A)a noninvasive technique that combines genetic and synthetic drugs to activate targeted cells in living tissue
B)an invasive technique that produces an electrical record of graded potentials between two locations in the cerebral cortex
C)a noninvasive technique that gathers light transmitted through cortical tissue to image oxygen consumption
D)an invasive technique involving spectral analysis of fluid drawn from cortical tissue to image oxygen consumption

Question 18

_____ stains show cell bodies, whereas _____ stains show cell bodies and processes (e.g., dendrites).

A)Golgi; Nissl
B)Nissl; Golgi
C)Broca; Golgi
D)Nissl; Broca

Question 19

The electroencephalograph (EEG) was invented by:

A)Hans Berger.
B)Wilder Penfield.
C)Paul Broca.
D)Karl Lashley.

Question 20

In rats, place learning is measured using:

A)the Corsi test.
B)a hidden escape platform in a swimming pool.
C)the recency memory task.
D)the block span task.

Question 21

EEG is a measure of:

A)graded potentials.
B)evoked potentials.
C)action potentials.
D)event-related potentials.

Question 22

Which of the following is NOT one of the techniques used to measure the brain's electrical activity?

A)EEG
B)MEG
C)TMS
D)single-cell recording

Question 23

If a person is awake and alert, the EEG pattern will consist of:

A)high-amplitude, high-frequency waves.
B)low-amplitude, low-frequency waves.
C)low-amplitude, high-frequency waves.
D)There is no systematic pattern to EEG activity.

Question 24

The use of blue light to excite and green-yellow light to inhibit neurons is part of:

A)transcranial magnetic stimulation.
B)near-infrared spectroscopy.
C)optogenetics.
D)photomicroscopy.

Question 25

_____ applied to the globus pallidus has been used as a treatment for Parkinson disease.

A)Self-stimulation
B)Deep brain stimulation
C)Transcranial magnetic stimulation
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 26

Deep brain stimulation has been used as a treatment for:

A)cancer.
B)Huntington disease.
C)schizophrenia.
D)both Parkinson disease and obsessive-compulsive disorder.

Question 27

What is the main advantage of the transgenic technique called chemogenetics?

A)It is a non-invasive technique.
B)It is highly specific in which cells are activated.
C)It is cheaper and more efficient than optogenetics.
D)It does not involve the use of drugs.

Question 28

To place subcortical lesions accurately, it is necessary to use:

A)a stereotaxic apparatus.
B)an aspiration lesion.
C)fMRI.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 29

To study the role of a specific brain structure in behavior, a researcher can:

A)study patients with damage to the brain region of interest.
B)study animals with damage to the brain region of interest.
C)apply transcranial magnetic stimulation to the brain region of interest.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 30

To study the electrical activity of a group of neurons, you would use _____; however, to study the electrical activity of a single neuron, you would use _____.

A)intracellular recording; extracellular recording
B)EEG; ECoG
C)extracellular recording; intracellular recording
D)ERP; MEG

Question 31

_____ rhythms are extremely regular, with a frequency of approximately 11 cycles per second, and are commonly observed when a person is awake but relaxed.

A)Alpha
B)Beta
C)Theta
D)Delta

Question 32

In 1957 Scoville and Milner described a patient who had profound amnesia following a surgical removal of the:

A)frontal lobe.
B)amygdala.
C)hippocampus.
D)parietal lobe.

Question 33

The disadvantages of single-cell recording include the fact that the technique:

A)can kill the cell and cannot be done in awake, freely moving animals.
B)requires the subject to be awake and permanently alters neural pathways.
C)in its current form can only record a cell's state as "on" or "off."
D)can only be used on a single type of cell, namely grid cells.

Question 34

Administering nicotine to rats:

A)improves learning.
B)impairs learning.
C)first improves learning and then impairs learning on a second task.
D)first impairs learning and then improves learning on a second task.

Question 35

How do researchers avoid the compensation that research subjects typically demonstrate following brain tissue ablation?

A)by using drugs to delay the onset of tissue healing
B)by using a stereotaxic apparatus to target an area of the brain
C)by using reversible lesion techniques such as regional cooling
D)by lowering an electrode into the globus pallidus

Question 36

In optogenetics, channelrhodopsin-2 (ChR2) can be used to _____ neurons, whereas halorhodopsin (NpHR) can be used to _____ neurons.

A)depolarize; hyperpolarize
B)hyperpolarize; depolarize
C)inactivate; activate
D)destroy; promote the growth of

Question 37

_____ was the first to use electrical stimulation in humans during neurosurgery.

A)Hebb
B)Wishaw
C)Penfield
D)Broca

Question 38

A stereotaxic apparatus is primarily used:

A)in fMRI.
B)for targeting a specific part of the brain for ablation.
C)for transcranial magnetic stimulation.
D)for lesioning and transcranial magnetic stimulation.

Question 39

With _____, the effects on neurons do not outlive the period of stimulation, whereas with _____, the effects on neurons can last several minutes.

A)rTMS; TMS
B)TMS; rTMS
C)DBS; TMS
D)rTMS; DBS

Question 40

The administration of _____ can produce hypokinetic rats, whereas administration of _____ produces hyperkinetic rats.

A)amphetamine; haloperidol
B)haloperidol; amphetamine
C)L-dopa; amphetamine
D)amphetamine; L-dopa

Question 41

Compared to CT scans, MRI scans are more useful for differentiating gray matter from white matter because:

A)MRI acquires the images at a higher resolution compared to a CT scan.
B)tissues with high water content generate a different MRI signal than do tissues with low water content.
C)there are differences in oxygen content between gray matter and white matter.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 42

CT scans are not useful in differentiating:

A)bone from blood.
B)bone from cerebrospinal fluid.
C)white matter from gray matter.
D)cerebrospinal fluid from white matter.

Question 43

Magnetic resonance imaging involves:

A)hydrogen atoms.
B)magnets.
C)radio pulses.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 44

A computed tomography (CT) scan is a:

A)series of X-rays.
B)series of gamma rays.
C)electromagnetic differentiation of brain tissue.
D)measure of the density of hydrogen atoms.

Question 45

Modern brain imaging techniques were not developed until _____. Before these developments, the only way to image the living brain was through _____ that produced static images of the brain from one angle.

A)1945; X-rays
B)the 1970s; an MRI
C)the 1970s; X-rays
D)the 1950s; an MRI

Question 46

_____ is used to identify changes in fiber myelination.

A)ECG
B)CT scan
C)MRS
D)DTI

Question 47

Event-related potentials are:

A)quite different from EEG.
B)recorded from single neurons.
C)brief changes in EEG associated with a specific sensory event.
D)None of the answers is correct.

Question 48

The technique of employing ERPs to study the brain is:

A)non-invasive, inexpensive, and suited for use on humans.
B)non-invasive and suited for use on humans, but it is expensive.
C)invasive and cannot be used on humans.
D)inexpensive but highly invasive.

Question 49

Place cells are found in the:

A)parietal cortex.
B)cingulate gyrus.
C)amygdala.
D)hippocampus.

Question 50

The main advantage of MEG over event-related potentials (ERP) is that MEG is:

A)better at more precisely identifying the source of the activity being recorded.
B)cheaper than EEG.
C)better at detecting electrical activity than EEG.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 51

When a person's EEG becomes a permanent flat line, this typically indicates that the person:

A)is having an epileptic seizure.
B)has fallen into a coma.
C)has suffered brain death.
D)has fallen asleep.

Question 52

Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) images nerve fiber pathways by detecting:

A)the directional movement of water molecules.
B)different signal intensities between white blood cells and red blood cells.
C)differences in blood oxygenation.
D)changes in regional cerebral blood flow.

Question 53

EEG can be used to:

A)monitor sleep.
B)estimate the depth of anesthesia.
C)detect epilepsy.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 54

Magnetic resonance imaging measures:

A)radio pulses emitted by hydrogen atoms.
B)radiation emitted by nitrogen atoms.
C)radiation emitted by oxygen atoms.
D)radio pulses emitted by oxygen atoms.

Question 55

_____ has been used to detect _____ in people with depression after mild head injury.

A)ERP; excitation of N₂ waves
B)ERP; delayed N₂ waves
C)MEG; delayed N₂ waves
D)EEG; excitation of N₂ waves

Question 56

The absorption of X-rays varies with tissue density. Which of the following statements is true about X-ray absorption?

A)It is high in bone and other high-density tissues.
B)It is high in ventricular fluid and other low-density material.
C)It is high in blood and other low-density material.
D)It is low in neural tissue and other medium-density tissues.

Question 57

_____ is used to measure the electrical activity of neurons on the surface of the cortex.

A)ECG
B)ECoG
C)MEG
D)ERP

Question 58

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans take advantage of the magnetic properties of:

A)hydrogen atoms.
B)oxygen atoms.
C)nitrogen atoms.
D)glucose atoms.

Question 59

The terms N₁, P₂, and P₃ are related to:

A)TMS.
B)EEG.
C)ERP.
D)fMRI.

Question 60

_____ measures the magnetic fields associated with electrical signals in the cortex.

A)EEG
B)fMRI
C)ERP
D)MEG

Question 61

Which of the following are disadvantages of PET?

A)PET can detect the decay of only a few radiochemicals.
B)The half-lives of the radiochemicals involved are so long that results are not immediately available.
C)The necessary materials are expensive and cannot be transported far.
D)The process is somewhat dangerous.

Question 62

Resting-state fMRIs have already helped investigators identify consistent abnormalities in brain activity in individuals with:

A)depression and bipolar disorder.
B)multiple sclerosis and schizophrenia.
C)Parkinson disease.
D)dementia and schizophrenia.

Question 63

Which of the following is a form of optical tomography?

A)PET
B)fMRI
C)fNIRS
D)MRI

Question 64

Someone who wanted to examine changes in the levels of various brain metabolites following a concussion could use:

A)diffusion tensor imaging (DTI).
B)electrocardiogram (ECG).
C)positron emission tomography (PET).
D)magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS).

Question 65

Stimuli related to rewarding behaviors such as food and sex are correlated with fluctuations of:

A)dopamine in the substantia nigra.
B)serotonin in the nucleus accumbens.
C)serotonin in the substantia nigra.
D)dopamine in the nucleus accumbens.

Question 66

_____ can be used to determine the concentrations of various brain metabolites.

A)Diffusion tensor imaging
B)Electrocardiogram
C)Magnetoencephalography
D)Magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Question 67

fMRI has high _____ but low _____.

A)temporal resolution; spatial resolution
B)spatial resolution; temporal resolution
C)radiation exposure; imaging clarity
D)None of the answers is correct.

Question 68

fMRI works because:

A)the magnetic properties of blood do not change with the amount of oxygen content in it.
B)water has magnetic properties.
C)oxygen-rich blood has a smaller magnetic signal than oxygen-poor blood.
D)oxygen-rich blood has a larger magnetic signal than oxygen-poor blood.

Question 69

What is the difference between anatomical and functional brain imaging techniques?

A)Anatomical imaging records changes in blood flow, while functional imaging records changes in oxygen and glucose levels.
B)Anatomical imaging records physical changes in the brain directly, while functional imaging generates brain images based on outward behavior.
C)Anatomical imaging presents a static image, while functional imaging can track changes in brain activity over time.
D)Anatomical imaging records chemical activity in the brain, whereas functional imaging records electrical activity.

Question 70

PET can:

A)detect the decay of radiochemicals.
B)detect relative amounts of neurotransmitters.
C)be used to study cognitive function.
D)All of the answers are correct.

Question 71

Which of the following is NOT one of the disadvantages of fMRI?

A)poor temporal resolution
B)subject must remain completely still
C)feelings of claustrophobia
D)poor spatial resolution

Question 72

The technique that uses reflected infrared light to measure oxygen consumption by the brain is:

A)fMRI.
B)fNIRS.
C)cytogenetics.
D)cryogenetics.

Question 73

Resting-state fMRIs are collected when participants:

A)have their eyes open and are looking around.
B)have their eyes closed or fixated on a specific point.
C)are engaged in a specific task, such as doing a puzzle.
D)are engaged in a low-energy task, such as listening to music.

Question 74

What is a possible future usage for NIRS?

A)healing damaged brain tissue
B)treating schizophrenia
C)guiding the removal of brain cancer
D)treating Parkinson disease

Question 75

To measure changes in brain activity over the frontal lobes as infants and toddlers learn language, the best technique to use is:

A)ECG.
B)MRI.
C)CT.
D)fNIRS.

Question 76

To measure brain metabolic activity, PET uses radioactive isotopes of:

A)oxygen.
B)hydrogen.
C)potassium.
D)glutamate.

Question 77

Cerebral voltammetry is used to measure:

A)neurotransmitter levels.
B)electrical activity using scalp electrodes.
C)electrical activity using large electrodes placed in the brain tissue.
D)electrical activity of single neurons.

Question 78

_____ is a procedure in which a cannula is implanted to collect extracellular fluid.

A)Microdialysis
B)Cerebral voltammetry
C)PET
D)Microiontophoresis

Question 79

Positron emission tomography (PET) uses:

A)magnets.
B)radioactive isotopes.
C)L-dopa.
D)hydrogen atoms.

Question 80

The advantage of fNIRS is that _____, while the disadvantage is that _____.

A)researchers can measure a variety of brain activity; it is an invasive technique
B)it is easy to administer; researchers can measure only cortical activity
C)it is easy to administer; researchers cannot measure cortical activity
D)it can be used on anyone, including infants; it can only be used on each subject once