Deck 7: Motivation

Question 1

According to a survey of more than 10,000 employees,_______ percent viewed seniority as the key determinant of pay and _______ percent viewed successful performance as the key driver.

A)60;35
B)25;75
C)40;60
D)20;40
E)90;10

Answer 1

A

Question 2

According to a recent survey,approximately what percent of employees are considered to be engaged-a percentage that has held fairly steady for a decade?

A)10
B)15
C)30
D)45
E)60

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Parminder believes that if she successfully earns her MBA,she'll be promoted to a mid-level executive management position.She is therefore motivated to earn an MBA because of:

A)past accomplishments
B)vicarious experiences
C)verbal persuasion
D)emotional cues
E)instrumentality

Answer 3

E

Question 4

Kendra is more motivated when successful performance helps her attain attractive outcomes,such as bonuses,while helping her avoid unattractive outcomes,such as terminations.Kendra's motivation is dependent on:

A)past accomplishments
B)valence
C)expectancy
D)emotional cues
E)instrumentality

Question 5

Expectancy is a subjective probability ranging from:

A)0 to 1
B)1 to 5
C)10 to 20
D)-1 to + 1
E)0.5 to 1.5

Question 6

The set of energetic forces which originate from within an employee and from the external environment is called:

A)organizational commitment
B)job satisfaction
C)job performance
D)motivation
E)leadership

Question 7

The anticipated value of the outcomes associated with performance is known as:

A)instrumentality
B)valence
C)equity
D)expectancy
E)self-efficacy

Question 8

Job performance is largely a function of:

A)motivation and emotions
B)emotions and ability
C)ability and expectations
D)motivation and ability
E)expectations and emotions

Question 9

Maria is considering her efficacy level for making Thanksgiving dinner for 30 people.If she is encouraged by friends and coworkers that she can complete the holiday meal successfully,that is known as:

A)past accomplishments
B)vicarious experiences
C)verbal persuasion
D)equity distress
E)instrumentality

Question 10

According to a survey of more than 10,000 employees,60 percent viewed _______ as the key determinant of pay and 35 percent viewed _______ as the key driver.

A)ability;knowledge
B)knowledge;performance
C)seniority;performance
D)performance;seniority
E)ability;emotional intelligence

Question 11

Sharon is considering her efficacy level for making Thanksgiving dinner for 12 people.Sharon watched her mother successfully make Thanksgiving dinner for 20 people for the last 10 years.This is known as:

A)past accomplishments
B)vicarious experiences
C)verbal persuasion
D)emotional cues
E)instrumentality

Question 12

Which theory focuses most specifically on describing the cognitive process that employees go through to make choices among different voluntary responses?

A)Equity
B)Extrinsic
C)Expectancy
D)Goal-setting
E)Psychological empowerment

Question 13

Motivation determines which of the following about effort?

A)Perception
B)Feedback
C)Persistence
D)Pushback
E)Effectiveness

Question 14

The belief that exerting a high level of effort will result in the successful performance of some task is known as:

A)instrumentality
B)valence
C)equity
D)expectancy
E)leniency

Question 15

The belief that a person has the capabilities needed to execute the behaviours required for task success is known as called:

A)instrumentality
B)valence
C)equity
D)complexity
E)self-efficacy

Question 16

Instrumentality is represented by which of the following linkages?

A)P $\rightarrow$ E
B)E $\rightarrow$ P
C)P $\rightarrow$ V
D)V $\rightarrow$ P
E)P $\rightarrow$ O

Question 17

Expectancy is represented by which of the following linkages?

A)P $\rightarrow$ E
B)E $\rightarrow$ P
C)P $\rightarrow$ V
D)V $\rightarrow$ P
E)P $\rightarrow$ O

Question 18

The belief that successful performance will result in some outcome(s)is known as:

A)instrumentality
B)valence
C)complexity
D)expectancy
E)self-efficacy

Question 19

Thomas is considering his efficacy level for making a holiday dinner for 24 people.Thomas takes pride in his cooking skills and is always enthusiastic about cooking and entertaining dinner guests.Thomas' efficacy is dictated by which of these?

A)Past accomplishments
B)Vicarious experiences
C)Verbal persuasion
D)Emotional cues
E)Instrumentality

Question 20

The efficacy of an individual can be dictated by all of the following,except:

A)past accomplishments
B)vicarious experiences
C)verbal persuasion
D)the valence of rewards
E)emotional cues

Question 21

Motivation that is felt when task performance serves as its own reward is known as _________ motivation.

A)instrumental
B)extrinsic
C)intrinsic
D)expectant
E)efficacious

Question 22

Aaron's focus on concepts such as difficulty and specificity are key aspects of which of the following theories?

A)Equity
B)Extrinsic
C)Goal setting
D)Expectancy
E)Psychological empowerment

Question 23

As described in the text,the meaning of money has which of the following facet(s)?

A)Efficacy
B)Expectancy
C)Freedom
D)Instrumentality
E)Valency

Question 24

Tom could take which of the following actions to reduce his sense of inequity?

A)Shrink inputs by lowering intensity of effort
B)Change his comparison other
C)Shrink inputs by lowering persistence of effort
D)Grow outcomes by stealing from company
E)All of the choices are potential actions which Tom may use to reduce his sense of inequity.

Question 25

Technically,_____ is a set of subjective probabilities,each ranging from 0 to 1,that successful performance will bring a set of outcomes.

A)valence
B)instrumentality
C)expectancy
D)self-efficacy
E)complexity

Question 26

Efficacy is dictated by _____,where feelings of fear or anxiety can create doubts about task accomplishment,while pride and enthusiasm can bolster confidence levels.

A)emotional cues
B)instrumentality
C)past accomplishments
D)verbal persuasion
E)vicarious experiences

Question 27

Which theory proposes that employee behaviour is directed toward pleasure and away from pain or,more generally,toward certain outcomes and away from others?

A)Psychological empowerment
B)Expectancy
C)Goal setting
D)Extrinsic
E)Equity

Question 28

Jim for Tom in the above situation is a(n):

A)empowerment evaluator
B)valence generator
C)cognitive distorter
D)external comparison
E)internal comparison

Question 29

When employees consider efficacy levels for a given task,they first consider their:

A)past accomplishments.
B)vicarious experiences.
C)current projects.
D)extrinsic motivators.
E)instrumentality.

Question 30

Wendy's self-efficacy source appears to be:

A)past accomplishments
B)vicarious experiences
C)verbal persuasion
D)emotional cues
E)instrumentality

Question 31

From the expectancy theory viewpoint,Tom's feeling of being under-rewarded most closely describes which of these?

A)Valence
B)Empowerment
C)Expectancy
D)Instrumentality
E)Efficiency

Question 32

Aaron's belief about effort and performance describes which of the following?

A)Expectancy
B)Equity
C)Valence
D)Instrumentality
E)Efficiency

Question 33

Aaron for Tom in the above situation is a(n):

A)empowerment evaluator
B)internal comparison
C)valence generator
D)cognitive distorter
E)external comparison

Question 34

The cognitive groupings or clusters of outcomes that are viewed as having critical psychological or physiological consequences are known as:

A)instrumentality
B)valence
C)equity
D)expectancy
E)needs

Question 35

Cindy's self-efficacy source appears to be:

A)past accomplishments
B)vicarious experiences
C)verbal persuasion
D)emotional cues
E)instrumentality

Question 36

Mindy's self-efficacy source appears to be:

A)past accomplishments
B)vicarious experiences
C)verbal persuasion
D)emotional cues
E)instrumentality

Question 37

Motivation that is controlled by some contingency that depends on task performance is known as _______ motivation.

A)self
B)extrinsic
C)intrinsic
D)expectant
E)efficacious

Question 38

Employees consider _____ by taking into account their observations and discussions with others who have performed such tasks.

A)emotional cues
B)instrumentality
C)past accomplishments
D)verbal persuasion
E)vicarious experiences

Question 39

Cindy's belief about successful online teaching describes which of these?

A)Valence
B)Equity
C)Expectancy
D)Instrumentality
E)Efficiency

Question 40

Wendy's belief about exerting high level of effort describes which of these?

A)Valence
B)Equity
C)Expectancy
D)Instrumentality
E)Self-efficacy

Question 41

The need to be able to predict and control one's future is a(n):

A)relatedness need.
B)autonomy need.
C)esteem need.
D)self-actualization need.
E)self-regard need.

Question 42

The need to perform tasks that one cares about and that appeal to one's ideals and sense of purpose is a:

A)relatedness need.
B)self-actualization need.
C)control need.
D)responsibility need.
E)self-regard need.

Question 43

Which of the following comparison types is described as comparing yourself to others doing the same job in the same company,with similar levels of education,seniority,and performance?

A)Job equity
B)Company equity
C)Occupational equity
D)Educational equity
E)Age equity

Question 44

Which of the following comparison types is described as comparing yourself to others in the same company but in different jobs,with similar levels of responsibility and working conditions?

A)Job equity
B)Company equity
C)Occupational equity
D)Educational equity
E)Age equity

Question 45

The need to hold a high evaluation of oneself and to feel effective and respected by others is a:

A)control need.
B)self-actualization need.
C)self-regard need.
D)self-esteem need.
E)relatedness need.

Question 46

Samantha has no idea how complicated the information and actions are in taking the Graduate Management Admissions Test.Samantha is looking to understand:

A)Goal commitment
B)Task complexity
C)Feedback
D)Goal Complexity
E)Instrumentality

Question 47

Which of the following factors alter the strength of the relationship between goal setting and task performance?

A)Task complexity,Goal complexity,Feedback
B)Task simplicity,Goal complexity,Feedback
C)Task simplicity,Goal commitment,Feedback
D)Task complexity,Goal commitment,Feedback
E)Task complexity,Goal commitment,Pushback

Question 48

The internalized goals that people use to monitor their own task progress are known as ________ goals.

A)organizational
B)self-set
C)comparison other
D)extrinsic
E)management-set

Question 49

T in the S.M.A.R.T.goals acronym stands for

A)time-sensitive
B)task-driven
C)tenacious
D)tempered
E)team-oriented

Question 50

A in the S.M.A.R.T.goals acronym stands for

A)affordable
B)ability
C)achievable
D)aspire
E)assess

Question 51

S in the S.M.A.R.T.goals acronym stands for

A)systematic
B)specific
C)self-set
D)scientific
E)self-efficacy

Question 52

The need for food,shelter,safety,and protection required for human existence are considered ____ needs.

A)physiological
B)relatedness
C)control
D)self-regard
E)self-actualization

Question 53

M in the S.M.A.R.T.goals acronym stands for

A)measurable
B)monetary
C)methodical
D)model
E)major

Question 54

Which of the following strategies for fostering goal commitment involves sharing the goal with significant others and co-workers to create some social pressure to attain it?

A)Rewards
B)Publicity
C)Support
D)Participation
E)Resources

Question 55

Which of these refers to the learning plans and problem-solving approaches used to achieve successful performance?

A)Expectancy
B)Emotional cues
C)Vicarious experiences
D)Goal setting
E)Task strategies

Question 56

Which of the following strategies for fostering goal commitment involves collaborating on setting the specific proficiency level and due date for a goal so that the employee feels a sense of ownership of the goal?

A)Rewards
B)Publicity
C)Support
D)Participation
E)Resources

Question 57

Which of the following comparison types is described as comparing yourself to others doing the same job in other companies,with similar levels of education,seniority,and performance?

A)Job equity
B)Company equity
C)Occupational equity
D)Educational equity
E)Age equity

Question 58

Philip is looking to beat the top scorer in his organizational behaviour class.However,the instructor would not reveal the points Philip has attained so far including the tests,class participation,and peer evaluation.Which of the following moderators may help Philip?

A)Goal commitment
B)Task complexity
C)Feedback
D)Goal Complexity
E)Instrumentality

Question 59

R in the S.M.A.R.T.goals acronym stands for

A)robust
B)resolved
C)requirements
D)results-based
E)realist

Question 60

Concepts such as difficulty and specificity are key aspects of which of the following theories?

A)Equity
B)Extrinsic
C)Expectancy
D)Goal setting
E)Psychological empowerment

Question 61

_____ consists of updates on employee progress toward goal attainment.

A)Task complexity
B)Goal commitment
C)Feedback
D)Self-efficacy
E)Instrumentality

Question 62

Any imbalance in ratios triggers an internal tension that can only be alleviated by restoring balance to the ratios.This is called:

A)cognitive distortion.
B)expectancy.
C)equity distress.
D)goal commitment.
E)comparison other.

Question 63

Simero feels she is being over-rewarded relative to her peers and could take which of the following actions to reduce her equity distress?

A)Grow inputs through more quality work.
B)Grow inputs through some 'cognitive distortion'.
C)Change her comparison other.
D)Give something back.
E)All of the choices are potential responses which will reduce Simero's equity distress.

Question 64

A form of intrinsic motivation rooted in the belief that work tasks contribute to some larger purpose is known as:

A)self-efficacy
B)goal commitment
C)goal setting
D)vicarious experience
E)psychological empowerment

Question 65

The dimensions of psychological empowerment include all of the following,except?

A)Meaningfulness
B)Self-determination
C)Competence
D)Impact
E)Needs

Question 66

_____ reflects how complicated the information and actions involved in a task are,as well as how much the task changes.

A)Task complexity
B)Self-efficacy
C)Goal commitment
D)Feedback
E)Instrumentality

Question 67

Ahmed feels he is being under-rewarded relative to his peers and could take which of the following actions to reduce his equity distress?

A)Change the comparison other.
B)Grow outcomes by stealing from company.
C)Shrink inputs by lowering intensity of effort.
D)Shrink inputs by lowering persistence of effort.
E)All of the choices are potential responses which will reduce Amhed's equity distress.

Question 68

Comparing one's 'lot in life' to that of someone else from within the same organization is known as using a(n):

A)equity distress
B)emotional cues
C)cognitive distortion
D)internal comparisons
E)external comparisons

Question 69

Which of the following is not a comparison type from which to judge equity with different comparison others?

A)Company
B)Occupational
C)Experience
D)Age
E)Educational

Question 70

Comparison with others in the same organization doing substantially different jobs is:

A)job equity
B)occupational equity
C)company equity
D)age equity
E)educational equity

Question 71

_____ are defined as the objective or aim of an action and typically refer to attaining a specific standard of proficiency,often within a specified time limit.

A)Values
B)Goals
C)Internal comparisons
D)Strategies
E)External comparisons

Question 72

April delegates work tasks to her employees rather than micromanaging them and she trusts her employees to come up with their own approach to certain tasks.April is attempting to instill a sense of _______ in her employees.

A)meaningfulness
B)self-determination
C)competence
D)expectancy
E)instrumentality

Question 73

Don feels an internal tension because he is aware that he is not receiving the same rewards as his colleague,Peter.He believes that this situation can only be alleviated by restoring balance to the comparison ratios.This is known as:

A)equity distress
B)comparison other
C)cognitive distortion
D)expectancy
E)goal commitment

Question 74

The person who seems to provide an intuitive frame of reference for judging equity is known as:

A)Equity resolver
B)Comparison other
C)Cognitive distortion creator
D)Goals monitor
E)Ethics officer

Question 75

_____ is defined as the degree to which a person accepts a goal and is determined to try to reach it.

A)Feedback
B)Self-efficacy
C)Instrumentality
D)Task complexity
E)Goal commitment

Question 76

Stefania has loved working with the local Red Cross chapter for the last four summers.Because of its charitable nature,she probably views the job as high in:

A)meaningfulness.
B)self-determination.
C)competence.
D)expectancy.
E)conscientiousness.

Question 77

In equity theory,rethinking your inputs to restore mental balance without altering your behaviour in any way is known as:

A)equity distress
B)instrumentality
C)cognitive distortion
D)internal comparisons
E)external comparisons

Question 78

According to research,_______ equity is the most powerful driver of citizenship behaviours.

A)company
B)job
C)occupational
D)age
E)educational

Question 79

Which theory acknowledges that motivation doesn't just depend on your own beliefs and circumstances,but also what happens to other people?

A)Equity
B)Extrinsic
C)Expectancy
D)Goal setting
E)Psychological empowerment

Question 80

Which theory suggests that employees create a 'mental ledger' of the outcomes they get from their job duties?

A)Expectancy theory
B)Goal-setting theory
C)Equity theory
D)Psychological empowerment theory
E)Extrinsic theory