Deck 14: Process of Change: We Can Make a Difference

Question 1

According to world systems theory, what type of nation provides raw materials and cheap labor for production?

A) core
B) semiperipheral
C) peripheral
D) semiperipheral and peripheral

Answer 1

C

Question 2

An analysis of the payoffs in favor of change versus the forces rewarding the status quo is known as a ______.

A) rational choice analysis
B) power elite analysis
C) cyclical analysis
D) stress-strain analysis

Answer 2

A

Question 3

Which theory of social change focuses on individuals' agency to change society?

A) symbolic interaction
B) cyclical theory
C) social evolution
D) functionalist theory

Answer 3

A

Question 4

The impact that the large baby boomer generation is having on the U.S. Social Security system is a ______.

A) stress
B) strain
C) symbolic change
D) stigma

Question 5

Which of the following is NOT a result of NAFTA?

A) Trade has decreased.
B) U.S. exports have increased.
C) Tariffs are down.
D) International trade has increased among Canada, Mexico, and the United States.

Question 6

According to evolutionary theory, societies typically move through stages in which order?

A) horticultural, hunting and gathering, agrarian, and industrial
B) hunting and gathering, horticultural, agrarian, and industrial
C) hunting and gathering, agrarian, horticultural, and industrial
D) agrarian, hunting and gathering, horticultural, and industrial

Question 7

Which of the following countries do world systems theorists consider a core country?

A) France
B) Mexico
C) China
D) Saudi Arabia

Question 8

Carlin wants to study the civil rights movement in the United States. His hypothesis is that the movement has actually been a series of slow, small changes that have helped society run more smoothly. Carlin is likely using a ______.

A) symbolic interactionist perspective
B) functionalist perspective
C) conflict perspective
D) world systems perspective

Question 9

Your boss is pressuring you to donate to the company charity when you have never supported the charity before. This is a ______.

A) stress
B) strain
C) symbolic change
D) stigma

Question 10

Mayflower United Church of Christ in Minneapolis brought a resolution to the congregation that by 2030, the church would be entirely carbon neutral. This is an example of ______.

A) micro-level change, with some macro-level implications
B) meso-level change, with some micro-level implications
C) macro-level change, with some micro-level implications
D) global change, with some micro-level implications

Question 11

Which of the following is an example of strain experienced by an organization?

A) political dynamics at the national level
B) natural disasters
C) religious beliefs influencing management decisions
D) climate change

Question 12

Riots and demonstrations are a form of ______.

A) crowd behavior
B) fad behavior
C) mass behavior
D) social movement

Question 13

Khayyam is examining the evolution of the various tribes of people in Malawi, a small country in Africa. Khayyam believes that each of the societies has become more advanced over the last 300 years, but each has done so in its own way. Khayyam is likely taking the ______.

A) cyclical perspective
B) unilinear social evolutionary perspective
C) multilinear social evolutionary perspective
D) world systems perspective

Question 14

Which of the following is an example of a mass behavior?

A) riots
B) demonstrations
C) fads
D) crowds

Question 15

Ulla wants to study the way that groups of individuals decide to behave following a terrorist attack in their area. She feels that people's confusion following the attack will lead to the development of new definitions of acceptable behavior. Ulla is most likely using ______.

A) minimax strategy theory
B) value-added theory
C) emergent norm theory
D) conflict theory

Question 16

Which of the following is NOT true about social change?

A) Some change is planned.
B) Some change is gradual and some rapid.
C) Changes in one level affect only that level.
D) Change is ubiquitous.

Question 17

Which of the following is an example of a crowd behavior?

A) fashions
B) rumors
C) panics
D) fads

Question 18

The statement, "A group seeking change can attempt to set up a situation in which desired behavior is rewarded," most closely reflects ______.

A) symbolic interaction theory
B) functionalist theory
C) conflict theory
D) rational choice theory

Question 19

Variations or alterations over time in the behavior patterns, culture, and structure of society are ______.

A) cyclical theories
B) social change
C) social strain
D) stressors

Question 20

The theory of social change that assumes that change is inevitable because of inequality in society is ______.

A) symbolic interactionist
B) functionalist
C) conflict
D) systems

Question 21

Sociologists argue that the natural environment can create strain within an organization.

Question 22

Often, the older members of a business or group feel devalued and demoralized late in their careers because those with technical competence view the older members as "outdated has-beens."

Question 23

The United States has not approved the Kyoto Protocol on global warming,

Question 24

Conflicting goals are one example of the stresses organizations may experience.

Question 25

The United States is under pressure to cut down on federal spending and is contributing less to ______.

A) technology
B) environmental resources
C) research and development
D) oil pipelines

Question 26

Bai-lin is studying a group of anarchists who are working to try to eliminate all government and government control as a whole from the United States and encourage everyone instead to rule themselves individually. The group Bai-lin is studying is likely a part of a(n) ______.

A) expressive movement
B) revolutionary movement
C) resistance movement
D) social reform movement

Question 27

Which of the following statements about rumors is false?

A) Rumors are a form of mass behavior.
B) Rumors involve unsupported or unproven reports about something of concern.
C) Rumors are a form of crowd behavior.
D) Rumors may spread locally or spread more widely because of technology such as the Internet.

Question 28

Which of the following is a proactive social movement?

A) a group promoting same-sex marriage
B) a group that is against same-sex marriage
C) a group that supports stay-at-home mothers
D) a group that lobbies for men to earn a "family wage"

Question 29

According to the text, which of the following models for planning organizational change combine(s) both internal processes and the external environment?

A) human relations models
B) Theory Y
C) open systems models
D) Theory X

Question 30

Which of the following is NOT a necessary condition for a social movement?

A) a strain or precipitating event
B) shared social positions among members
C) effective leadership
D) a communication network

Question 31

According to William F. Ogburn, the findings of stem cell research are ______.

A) discoveries
B) inventions
C) innovations
D) diffusions

Question 32

Maria's group formed to argue for greater student rights. At this point, the interest in the group seems to be waning, and Maria has been unable to raise the necessary funds to keep the group going. It appears that the group is dissolving. Which stage is the group likely in?

A) fragmentation
B) institutionalized
C) postmovement
D) popularization

Question 33

Which of the following is NOT a necessary element for collective behavior to occur, according to value-added theory?

A) structural conduciveness
B) structural strain
C) the spread of a generalized belief
D) strong social controls

Question 34

Which of the following is NOT true about social movements?

A) They focus on common interests.
B) They are most common in industrial or postindustrial societies.
C) They often stimulate countermovements.
D) They are usually begun by individuals within the power structure.

Question 35

Your university president does not want to create a sustainability plan for your campus. The textbook suggests that when this happens, all of the following except ______ can be used to effect change.

A) persuasion through an appeal to values
B) a presentation of data and logic
C) removing the individual from the organization
D) hiring an assassin to kill the person

Question 36

According to the text, lynching, group killings, and hate crimes are all examples of ______.

A) riots
B) demonstrations
C) fads
D) mobs

Question 37

The ALS (Lou Gehrig's disease) "ice bucket challenge," hashtagging, and the phrase "YOLO" are examples of ______.

A) mobs
B) crowd behavior
C) fads
D) fashions

Question 38

The spread of a new finding from one place to another is known as ______.

A) discovery
B) invention
C) innovation
D) diffusion

Question 39

The social world model is based on the assumption that change, whether evolutionary or revolutionary, is inevitable.

Question 40

The stage of a social movement in which the context for the movement is set is the ______ stage.

A) preliminary
B) popularization
C) institutionalized
D) fragmentation

Question 41

The minimax strategy discussed in the text is based on principles of rational choice theory.

Question 42

Change in organizations is generally perceived as desirable if it is evolutionary or planned.

Question 43

Riots differ from mobs in that riots focus on specific targets while mobs may shift targets.

Question 44

Following the death of Martin Luther King Jr., there were riots in many Black communities. According to the text, these riots would be best described as a panic.

Question 45

As Jason is eating lunch, a friend tells him, "If we win the national championship, our instructor will give us all As." Jason then posts this on his Facebook wall, and by the next class, everyone is wearing their school colors to class. Jason created a crisis.

Question 46

According to evolutionary theory, societies cannot skip steps in the evolutionary process.

Question 47

Collective behaviors involve only micro-level individual actions.

Question 48

North Korea is a core nation.

Question 49

According to world systems theory, peripheral countries are in an intermediate position in the world.

Question 50

During the popularization stage, the purpose for a social movement is known and concrete.

Question 51

The social world model used in the text is an example of a closed-system model.

Question 52

The assumption that all societies progress through the same steps is a tenet of the unilinear social evolutionary theory.

Question 53

Jana, a fashion design major, is appalled to hear that the university bookstore sells clothes made in sweatshops. In opposition to this, she and her friends form a sit-in at the bookstore. Jana can be classified as the leader of a social movement.

Question 54

One feature of social movements is that they are consciously organized.

Question 55

The wearing of denim jeans by most people in the United States is an example of a fad.

Question 56

Symbolic interaction theorists argue that change is caused by a disagreement between two or more parties.

Question 57

A commodity chain is a worldwide network of labor resources and production processes that go into creating a product.

Question 58

According to emergent norm theory, individuals try to minimize their losses or costs and maximize their benefits.

Question 59

The social environment includes the institutionalized patterns of relationships that develop in organizations and nations.

Question 60

Sometimes, behavior that results in change is unplanned, even spontaneous.

Question 61

Revolutionary movements often use violent means to achieve their goals.

Question 62

Compare and contrast proactive and reactive social movements. Provide an example of each.

Question 63

Compare and contrast crowd and mass behaviors. Provide examples.

Question 64

Regressive movements try to protect an existing system or part of a system.

Question 65

List and briefly discuss the three main parts of the world system according to world systems theory.

Question 66

Expressive movements focus on changing individuals and saving people from corrupt lifestyles.

Question 67

New technological developments are primarily a force for world integration.

Question 68

Identify at least three types of stresses that organizations may experience.

Question 69

Compare and contrast open-system and closed-system models for planning organizational change.

Question 70

Define and describe what sociologists mean by social change. Provide examples.

Question 71

Social reform movements are most often religious in nature.

Question 72

During the institutionalization stage, the social movement becomes a formal organization.

Question 73

Science differs from technology in that science is the practical application of technology.

Question 74

Movements to improve the working conditions from actions brought about by multinational corporations are examples of resistance movements.

Question 75

In 2004, Lance Armstrong began selling his trademark yellow Livestrong bracelets to raise money for cancer research. Within 6 months of their release, the yellow bracelets (sold for $1 each) made $25.1 million and garnered much national attention for cancer research. Briefly explain how this fad "rippled" into a movement for social change.

Question 76

Globalization from below refers to the efforts by common people in small groups and protest movements to fight back.

Question 77

What are the differences between a strain and stress? Provide examples of each.

Question 78

Identify and briefly describe the four stages social movements are said to go through as they evolve.

Question 79

Social reform movements differ from revolutionary movements in that social reform movements often want to change all aspects of society while revolutionary movements generally focus on only one issue.

Question 80

Reactive social movements promote change in society.