Deck 9: Patterns of Inheritance

Question 1

Which of the following is the most fatal genetic disorder in the United States?

A) cystic fibrosis
B) Huntington's disease
C) sickle cell anemia
D) anhidrotic dysplasia
E) fibromyalgia

Answer 1

A

Question 2

To what disease do individuals heterozygous for cystic fibrosis have increased resistance?

A) hemophilia
B) Tay-Sachs
C) typhoid
D) diptheria
E) cholera

Answer 2

C

Question 3

What does the normal protein that is encoded by the "cystic fibrosis" gene do?

A) transports chloride ions across membranes
B) delivers chloride ions to the endoplasmic reticulum
C) binds chloride ions to DNA prior to gene expression
D) binds chloride ions to bacteria so they are more easily recognized by white blood cells
E) the normal protein does more than one of these things

Answer 3

A

Question 4

Which of the following is true of the mutation that causes cystic fibrosis?

A) it is an insertion mutation
B) the protein produced is normal
C) the protein produced is prevented from reaching the cell surface
D) the protein produced instead of being transported into the nucleus is transported into the Golgi body
E) more than one of these is true

Question 5

Why has cystic fibrosis persisted at such a high percentage in some populations?

A) affected individuals reproduce before the disease is fatal
B) there is an advantage to being a carrier
C) recessives have a higher fitness than dominants
D) it is an easily treated disease
E) the symptoms disappear in early adulthood

Question 6

In cystic fibrosis patients,

A) chlorine ions are stuck inside epithelial cells.
B) water is excessively abundant on surfaces of epithelia.
C) surfaces of epithelia are relatively dry.
D) chlorine ions are stuck inside epithelial cells, and water is excessively abundant on surfaces of epithelia.
E) chlorine ions are stuck inside epithelial cells, and surfaces of epithelia are relatively dry.

Question 7

Which of the following is true about Gregor Mendel when he first started his experiments?

A) Mendel worked with garden pea plants.
B) Mendel knew that some plants "breed true."
C) He knew that genes were responsible for observable traits.
D) Mendel worked on garden pea plants and knew that some plants "breed true."
E) Mendel worked on garden pea plants. He knew that some plants "breed true" and that genes were responsible for observable traits.

Question 8

What type of inheritance does the "cystic fibrosis" gene exhibit?

A) complete dominance
B) incomplete dominance
C) codominance
D) X-linked
E) more than one of these depending on epigenetic conditions

Question 9

Which of the following is TRUE about cystic fibrosis?

A) there is no cure
B) 1 in 25 people carry the cystic fibrosis mutation
C) 1 in 3,300 people have the disease
D) cystic fibrosis patients do not live longer than 30 years
E) all of these are true

Question 10

Which of the following organs are likely to be affected by a defective CFTR protein?

A) lungs
B) intestines
C) heart
D) lungs and intestines
E) heart and intestines

Question 11

Which of the following is the normal path of a normal "cystic fibrosis" protein?

A) endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi body to plasma membrane
B) Golgi body to endoplasmic reticulum to plasma membrane
C) endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi body to nuclear membrane
D) Golgi body to endoplasmic reticulum to nuclear membrane
E) endoplasmic reticulum to Golgi body to mitochondrion

Question 12

Which of the following processes is closely associated with the normal functioning of the "cystic fibrosis" gene?

A) water osmosis
B) sodium - chloride pumping
C) protein diffusion
D) pH regulation
E) polypeptide packaging

Question 13

An individual would develop cystic fibrosis if he carries ____ mutated CFTR gene(s).

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 14

Which of the following organs have epithelial lined passageways and ducts that are affected in cystic fibrosis:

A) lungs
B) liver
C) pancreas
D) intestines
E) all of these organs are affected

Question 15

The mutated gene that causes cystic fibrosis is

A) CFTR
B) CRFT
C) CTFR
D) CRTF
E) CFRT

Question 16

The most common type of mutation that cause cystic fibrosis is a

A) deletion.
B) insertion.
C) base-pair substitution.
D) gene duplication.
E) transformation.

Question 17

In a person with cystic fibrosis,the mutation causes which of the following to happen?

A) the protein clings to the inner surface of the plasma membrane
B) the protein never leaves the endoplasmic reticulum
C) the protein is shuttled to the nuclear membrane instead of the plasma membrane
D) the protein is shuttled to the plasma membrane instead of the nuclear membrane
E) the protein is expelled from the cell by exocytosis before it can do its job

Question 18

In a person who does NOT have cystic fibrosis,what is the related normal condition?

A) mucus slides easily over epithelial surfaces and can more easily be expelled
B) osmotic balance in tissues is maintained by pumping sodium out of cells and chloride into cells
C) pH balances are maintained by pH buffers, mainly the bicarbonate ion
D) muscle fibers contract in coordination allowing smooth whole muscle contractions
E) plasma membranes function properly to allow nonpolar molecules to diffuse into and out of the cells

Question 19

The main problem for those with cystic fibrosis involves which of the following?

A) mucus sticking to dry surfaces
B) jerky muscle contractions
C) constant thirst
D) salt accumulations between tissues
E) low pH in tissues preventing proper enzymatic activity

Question 20

Regarding infection,what is the problem with cystic fibrosis?

A) bacteria are not captured properly to signal an immune response
B) white blood cells are mutated and do not recognize foreign bacteria
C) the mutated cystic fibrosis protein is not recognized by the immune system
D) because multiple copies of the mutated protein are made, the immune system goes into hyperdrive
E) more than one of these problems occurs

Question 21

Observable traits are known in genetics as

A) phenotypes.
B) genotypes.
C) homozygous.
D) heterozygous.
E) more than one of these.

Question 22

Which of the following determines an observable trait?

A) phenotype
B) genotype
C) gene location
D) morphotype
E) phototype

Question 23

Gene A occurs on chromosome #5; gene B occurs on chromosome #21.Therefore,these two portions of the chromosome CANNOT be

A) homologous.
B) in the same individual.
C) homozygous.
D) alleles.
E) recessive.

Question 24

If all offspring of a cross have the same heterozygous genotype,the parents of the cross would most likely be

A) homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive.
B) both heterozygous.
C) heterozygous and homozygous recessive.
D) homozygous dominant and heterozygous.
E) both homozygous dominant.

Question 25

Which of the following was Mendel's experimental organism?

A) pea plants
B) mustard plants
C) tobacco plants
D) corn plants
E) bean plants

Question 26

What best explains why some organisms 'breed true" for certain traits?

A) they have identical alleles for these traits
B) their parents had the same phenotype
C) both alleles for the trait are on the same chromosome
D) their genotypes match their phenotypes
E) they are heterozygous for these traits

Question 27

Which of the following was the dominant theory of inheritance before Mendel?

A) blending of traits
B) acquired characteristics
C) natural selection
D) spontaneous appearance
E) paternal dominance

Question 28

When two alleles of the same gene are different,the individual carrying those alleles is said to be

A) recessive.
B) heterozygous.
C) phenotypic.
D) somatic.
E) homozygous.

Question 29

Which of the following was unknown to Mendel?

A) complementary base pairing
B) chromosomes
C) meiosis
D) the structure of DNA
E) none of these were known to Mendel

Question 30

In cats,short hair (L)is dominant to long hair (l); if a short-haired cat of unknown genotype is crossed with a long-haired animal,and they produce one long-haired and one short-haired kittens,this would indicate that

A) the short-haired cat was pure-breeding.
B) the short-haired cat was not pure-breeding.
C) the long-haired cat was not pure-breeding.
D) the long-haired cat was pure-breeding.
E) none of these could be determined with only two offspring.

Question 31

What was the big piece of the puzzle that was missing from Darwin's theory of evolution in his day?

A) a selection mechanism
B) a method of inheritance
C) a lack of variation in the organisms he studied
D) a mechanism for reproduction
E) more than one of these

Question 32

When two alleles of the same gene are identical,the individual carrying those alleles is said to be

A) dominant.
B) heterozygous.
C) recessive.
D) genotypical.
E) homozygous.

Question 33

Various forms of the same gene are called

A) genotypes.
B) alleles.
C) somatic.
D) recessive.
E) phenotypes.

Question 34

If R is dominant to r,the offspring of the cross of RR with rr will

A) have a unique phenotype.
B) have the same phenotype as the RR parents.
C) have the same phenotype as the rr parents.
D) have the same genotype as the RR parents.
E) have the same genotype as the rr parents.

Question 35

Regarding the dominant theory of inheritance before Mendel's theory,which of the following is the closest analogy to "genes"?

A) mixed paints
B) building blocks
C) tied ropes
D) a pearl necklace
E) an electrical wire

Question 36

If a homozygous dominant long-haired dog is crossed with a homozygous recessive short-haired dog,what will be the phenotype of the offspring?

A) all heterozygous
B) half homozygous dominant and half homozygous recessive
C) all red
D) half red and half white
E) more than one of these

Question 37

If tall (D)is dominant to dwarf (d),and two homozygous varieties DD and dd are crossed,then what kind of progeny will be produced?

A) all intermediate forms
B) all tall
C) all dwarf
D) 1/2 tall, 1/2 dwarf
E) 3/4 tall, 1/4 dwarf

Question 38

If red coat is homozygous dominant in horses and white coat is homozygous recessive,in a cross between a homozygous dominant red-coated horse and a white-coated horse,what would the result be in the offspring?

A) all homozygous recessive
B) all homozygous dominant
C) half homozygous dominant and half homozygous recessive
D) all heterozygous
E) half heterozygous and half homozygous dominant

Question 39

A(n)____ is an offspring of a cross between two individuals that breed true for different forms of a trait.

A) homozygote
B) recessive
C) hybrid
D) phenotype
E) genotype

Question 40

An allele is ____ if its effect masks that of a ____ allele paired with it.

A) recessive; codominant
B) codominant; recessive
C) recessive; dominant
D) dominant; recessive
E) incompletely recessive; dominant

Question 41

Purple flower (A)is dominant over white flower (a),and tall stem (B)is dominant over short stem (b).The Punnett square represents a cross between two dihybrids (AaBb × AaBb).
Examine the figure above,and answer the following question(s).
In the figure above,how many plants would have white flowers and short stems?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 9
E) 16

Question 42

In rabbits,black coat is dominant to white coat.A testcross was performed between black rabbits and white rabbits.In the litter of kits (baby rabbits)that resulted 10 were black and 2 were white.What is the genotype of the black rabbit parent?

A) homozygous dominant
B) heterozygous
C) homozygous recessive
D) none of these are the parental genotype of the black rabbit
E) impossible to determine the genotype based on the information provided

Question 43

Purple flower (A)is dominant over white flower (a),and tall stem (B)is dominant over short stem (b).The Punnett square represents a cross between two dihybrids (AaBb × AaBb).
Examine the figure above,and answer the following question(s).
In the figure above,what would be the genotype of plant #7?

A) AaBb
B) AABb
C) AaBB
D) AABB
E) aaBB

Question 44

Cystic fibrosis is a recessive disorder.If a couple,each of whom is heterozygous,have children,what is the probability that they will have a child with cystic fibrosis?

A) 0%
B) 25%
C) 50%
D) 75%
E) 100%

Question 45

Mendel's dihybrid crosses (but not his monohybrid crosses)showed that

A) some genes were linked together.
B) the two alleles controlling a trait were divided equally among the gametes.
C) alleles for different traits were inherited independently.
D) one of the pair of alleles is dominant to the other.
E) the crossing of two different homozygous forms will not produce any offspring in the first generation that would look like either of the parents.

Question 46

For this problem,you may want to create a Punnett Square on a separate piece of paper.Manuel has both cystic fibrosis,a recessive disorder,and sickle cell anemia which is also a recessive disorder.Manuel's partner,Lucretia,is normal for both conditions.What is the probability that Manuel and Lucretia will have a normal child without either of the conditions Manuel has?

A) 0%
B) 25%
C) 75%
D) 100%
E) it is not possible to solve this problem with the information provided

Question 47

If all the offspring of a cross had the genotype AaBb,the parents of the cross would most likely be

A) AABB × aabb.
B) AAbb × aaBB.
C) AaBb × AaBb.
D) Aabb × aaBb.
E) AABB × aabb or AAbb × aaBB.

Question 48

Genes that are located on the same chromosome

A) tend to be inherited together.
B) will appear together in the gamete.
C) are said to be linked.
D) may be separated during chromosome pairing and crossing over.
E) fit all of these characteristics.

Question 49

Which of the following statements is FALSE?

A) Crossing over tends to reduce the frequency that two linked genes are inherited together.
B) Independent assortment of homologous chromosomes during meiosis increases variation.
C) Crossing over leads to variation.
D) Abnormal number or structure of chromosomes may influence the course of evolution.
E) The closer together genes are found on a chromosome, the greater is a chance that crossing over will occur between them.

Question 50

Purple flower (A)is dominant over white flower (a),and tall stem (B)is dominant over short stem (b).The Punnett square represents a cross between two dihybrids (AaBb × AaBb).
Examine the figure above,and answer the following question(s).
In the figure above,how many plants would have purple flowers and tall stems?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 9
E) 16

Question 51

Which of the following is the best representation of a testcross?

A) AA x aa
B) Aa x aa
C) AA x A?
D) A? x aa
E) AA x a?

Question 52

Which of the following represents an monohybrid cross?

A) AA x aa
B) Aa x Aa
C) AA x AA
D) aa x aa
E) all of these are monohybrid crosses

Question 53

Purple flower (A)is dominant over white flower (a),and tall stem (B)is dominant over short stem (b).The Punnett square represents a cross between two dihybrids (AaBb × AaBb).
Examine the figure above,and answer the following question(s).
In the figure above,what is the ratio of phenotypes in this case?

A) 1: 1:1:1
B) 3:1
C) 6:3:3:1
D) 9:3:3:1
E) 15:1

Question 54

Purple flower (A)is dominant over white flower (a),and tall stem (B)is dominant over short stem (b).The Punnett square represents a cross between two dihybrids (AaBb × AaBb).
Examine the figure above,and answer the following question(s).
In the figure above,what would be the genotype of plant #9?

A) Aabb
B) aaBb
C) AaBB
D) AABB
E) aaBB

Question 55

Genetic recombination as a result of crossing over occurs more readily in genes

A) that are on the sex chromosomes.
B) that are on the autosomes.
C) that are located close together on the same chromosome.
D) that are located far apart on the same chromosome.
E) that are located on different chromosomes.

Question 56

In genetic analyses,researchers know that linkage of genes will introduce exceptions to the principle of

A) dominance.
B) segregation.
C) recessiveness.
D) independent assortment.
E) chromosome inheritance.

Question 57

Purple flower (A)is dominant over white flower (a),and tall stem (B)is dominant over short stem (b).The Punnett square represents a cross between two dihybrids (AaBb × AaBb).
Examine the figure above,and answer the following question(s).
In the figure above,how many plants would have the genotype AaBb?

A) 1
B) 3
C) 5
D) 6
E) 9

Question 58

In the second generation of a cross of DDRR with ddrr the most common genotype would be

A) DDRR.
B) DdRR.
C) DdRr.
D) ddRR.
E) ddRr.

Question 59

For this problem,you may want to create a Punnett Square on a separate piece of paper.Assume brown eyes are dominant to blue eyes and dimples are dominant to no dimples.John has brown eyes and his mother has blue eyes.John does not have dimples.Zena has blue eyes and also has no dimples.What are the chances if this couple have children,they will produce a child with blue eyes and no dimples?

A) 0
B) 1/4
C) 1/2
D) 3/4
E) there is not enough information provided to solve this problem

Question 60

In a Punnett square,the letters on top of the square and on the side of the square represent

A) offspring genotypes.
B) parental genotypes.
C) parental gametes.
D) offspring phenotypes.
E) parental phenotypes.

Question 61

The mutation that resulted in the lighter skin color of people of European descent occurred between ____ and ____ years ago.

A) 100...600
B) 1000...6000
C) 6000...10,000
D) 100, 000...600,000
E) 600,00... 1,000,000

Question 62

Pleiotropic genes

A) act on secondary sexual characteristics.
B) influence more than one aspect of a phenotype.
C) are additive.
D) produce lethal effects when homozygous.
E) fit none of these characteristics.

Question 63

The mutation that causes the lighter skin color of all people of European descent was the result of what type of mutation?

A) base-pair substitution
B) insertion
C) deletion
D) whole chromosome duplication
E) multiple gene mutations involving several mechanisms

Question 64

A gene that produces multiple effects is called

A) co-dominant gene.
B) an X-linked gene.
C) an epistatic gene.
D) a pleiotropic gene.
E) an incompletely dominant gene.

Question 65

If a child has an AB blood type,the parents

A) must both have different blood types.
B) must be A and B, but not AB.
C) must be AB.
D) can be any blood type.
E) can have different blood types, but neither can be O.

Question 66

The ABO blood types have ____ different genotypes.

A) 4
B) 6
C) 8
D) 12
E) 16

Question 67

The number of different alleles for ABO types in the total human population is

A) 2.
B) 3.
C) 4.
D) 6.
E) 8.

Question 68

The ABO blood types are examples of

A) multiple alleles and codominance.
B) pleiotropy.
C) multiple alleles.
D) incomplete dominance.
E) codominance.

Question 69

Approximately,how many gene products are involved in the synthesis of melanin?

A) 10
B) 25
C) 50
D) 100
E) 1000

Question 70

Which of the first three statements about independent assortment is NOT true?

A) genes on homologous chromosomes assort independently
B) genes on the same chromosome that are far apart tend to assort independently
C) genes close together on the same chromosome tend to assort independently
D) all of the first three statements about independent assortment are NOT true
E) one of the first three statements about independent assortment is NOT true

Question 71

Blood types (A,B,and O)are controlled by

A) sex-linked genes.
B) linked genes.
C) incompletely dominant genes.
D) multiple alleles.
E) simple dominance.

Question 72

If two individuals both heterozygous for the same genes (e.g.,AaBb)mate and have offspring,how many different phenotypes will there be?

A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
E) 5

Question 73

In humans,skin color is controlled by several genes.Thus,skin color is a(n)____ characteristic.

A) dominant
B) co-dominant
C) epistatic
D) pleiotropic
E) recessive

Question 74

Most people of African,Asian,and Native American descent carry the same allele for the melansome gene.What is the function of the melanosome gene product?

A) transport of melanin
B) distribution of melanin
C) basic synthesis of melanin
D) more than one of these
E) none of these - it is a mutated gene that is non-functional

Question 75

In incomplete dominance,

A) one allele is not dominant to another allele.
B) the genotype can be determined by the phenotype.
C) the heterozygote is somewhat intermediate to the two homozygotes.
D) the intermediate phenotype may be the result of enzyme insufficiency.
E) all of these are true.

Question 76

If a pure-breeding wired-hair terrier (WW)is crossed with a pure-breeding smooth-hair terrier (ww),and a puppy with a wavy hair is produced,the simplest explanation is

A) a mutation.
B) an X-linked gene.
C) an incompletely dominant gene.
D) a lethal gene.
E) codominance.

Question 77

Which of the following is TRUE of the immediate impact of Mendel's publication in 1866 of the basic laws of inheritance?

A) it gave Darwin the insight he needed into the mechanism of variation
B) it started a genetic revolution
C) it made Mendel one of the most famous scientists of his day
D) it did more than of these things (a - c)
E) it had no immediate impact

Question 78

What two types of melanin are made by melanosomes?

A) brownish- black and yellowish
B) brownish-black and reddish
C) brownish-black and white-ish
D) yellowish and reddish
E) reddish and white-ish

Question 79

The discarded theory of blending inheritance appears most like

A) X-linked inheritance.
B) dihybridization.
C) codominance.
D) incomplete dominance.
E) complete dominance.

Question 80

If a child belongs to blood type O,he or she could NOT have been produced by which set of parents?

A) type A mother and type B father
B) type A mother and type O father
C) type AB mother and type O father
D) type O mother and type O father
E) type AB mother and type B father