Deck 12: More About One-Factor Experiments

Question 1

______ represents an experiment.

A) Two groups of participants (those who are left-handed and those who are right-handed) are asked to perform a speeded cognitive task to compare performance for the two groups
B) Participants take a handedness questionnaire with score indicating the degree of right- and left-handedness to look for a relationship between handedness score and time to complete a cognitive task
C) Participants are randomly assigned to conditions where a cognitive task is given with speeded or non-speeded instructions to determine if there is an effect of instruction type of task performance
D) Participants take an anxiety inventory to look for a relationship between handedness and anxiety level

Answer 1

Participants are randomly assigned to conditions where a cognitive task is given with speeded or non-speeded instructions to determine if there is an effect of instruction type of task performance

Question 2

Without the manipulation of a(n) ______ variable, it is very difficult to rule out other possible factors as causes of a change in the ______ variable.

A) dependent; independent
B) independent; dependent
C) dependent; confounding
D) confounding; independent

Answer 2

independent; dependent

Question 3

An experiment is defined by the following statements except for ______.

A) the manipulation of a variable
B) control of confounding variables
C) tests of causal relationships
D) the manipulation of a dependent variable

Answer 3

the manipulation of a dependent variable

Question 4

At minimum, the number of independent variables that must be included in a study in order for it to be classified as an experiment is ______.

A) none
B) one
C) two
D) three

Question 5

Order effects are particularly problematic for ______ designs, but group differences are a problematic in ______ designs.

A) independent; dependent
B) dependent; independent
C) within-subjects; between-subjects
D) between-subjects; within-subjects

Question 6

______ effects occur when participants are tested more than once in a study, with early testing affecting later testing.

A) Testing
B) Order
C) Interaction
D) Significant

Question 7

A ______ design is a between-subjects experiment that involves sets of participants matched on a specific characteristic with each member of the set randomly assigned to a different level of the independent variable.

A) significant
B) corresponding
C) paired
D) matched

Question 8

______ can be used to counter group differences.

A) Randomization
B) Counterbalancing
C) Independent variables
D) Dependent variables

Question 9

Manipulation of an independent variable in a study ______ the internal validity of the study.

A) can decrease or increase
B) does not impact
C) increases
D) decreases

Question 10

When participants are randomly assigned to levels of the independent variable in an experiment to control for individual differences as an extraneous variable, this is called ______.

A) chance assignment
B) arbitrary assignment
C) haphazard assignment
D) random assignment

Question 11

An independent variable is ______.

A) a manipulated variable
B) a measured variable
C) an extraneous variable
D) rarely included in an experiment

Question 12

A manipulation of an ______ variable involves researcher control of the administration of the levels of the variable to the participants.

A) independent
B) dependent
C) causal
D) matched

Question 13

When different groups of participants receive different orders of the levels of the independent variable, this is called ______.

A) randomization
B) counterbalancing
C) matching
D) ordering

Question 14

______ can be used to counter order effects.

A) Randomization
B) Counterbalancing
C) Independent variables
D) Dependent variables

Question 15

An experiment conducted with one or a few participants to better understand the behavior of those individuals is called a small ______ design.

A) n
B) p
C) t
D) r

Question 16

In a Latin Square, the number of orders used is equal to the number of ______ in the design.

A) independent variables
B) dependent variables
C) conditions
D) confounding variables

Question 17

Participants receive all levels of a(n) ______ variable, but only one level of a(n) ______ variable in an experimental design.

A) independent; dependent
B) dependent; independent
C) within-subjects; between-subjects
D) between-subjects; within-subjects

Question 18

The presence of extraneous factors in a study that affect the dependent variable and can decrease the internal validity of the study is called ______.

A) a second variable
B) a fourth variable
C) a sixth variable
D) a third variable

Question 19

______ effects occur when the order in which the participants experience conditions in an experiment affects the results of the study.

A) Testing
B) Order
C) Interaction
D) Significant

Question 20

An extraneous factor is also called a(n) ______.

A) confounding variable
B) confusing variable
C) inconsistent variable
D) conflicting variable

Question 21

In the ______ design, subjects' scores in one condition are compared with their scores in the other condition.

A) independent
B) dependent
C) between-subject
D) within-subject

Question 22

Order effects are a particular form of ______ effects.

A) exam
B) testing
C) biased
D) grading

Question 23

To account for possible confounds, Zula assigns to the control group and experimental group one male with high math scores, and one male with low math scores and the same with female students. This appears that Zula is using ______ to control confounds.

A) randomizing
B) counterbalancing
C) squaring
D) matching

Question 24

Random assignment is a means of controlling for participant differences across groups and ______ the internal validity of the experiment.

A) can decrease or increase
B) does not impact
C) increases
D) decreases

Question 25

The manipulation of an independent variable in an experiment allows the researcher to learn about the causal relationship between the independent and ______ variables.

A) independent
B) dependent
C) causal
D) matched

Question 26

One benefit of within-subject designs is that they control for ______.

A) carryover effects
B) individual differences
C) contrast effects
D) fatigue effects

Question 27

Latin squares can be useful for within-subjects designs where independent variables have ______ level(s).

A) one
B) zero
C) a number of
D) minimal

Question 28

Much of the research in the ______ area is focused on understanding factors that influence memory, perception, language processes, and decision-making.

A) cognitive
B) social
C) biological
D) personality

Question 29

Random assignment is important for ______ variables in terms of the order in which participants receive the levels of the variable to control for possible order effects of the different levels of the variable.

A) independent
B) dependent
C) between-subject
D) within-subject

Question 30

Diana has an independent variable with three levels. She uses a Latin-square design to help ensure that the orders in which participants experience the levels of the independent variable occur equally as often across participants. She is ______ the order of treatments.

A) randomizing
B) counterbalancing
C) squaring
D) matching

Question 31

There are areas of psychology where experiments are used more often than in others including the following except for ______.

A) cognitive
B) social
C) biological
D) personality

Question 32

In within-subjects manipulations, each participant receives ______ levels of the independent variable.

A) just two
B) just three
C) all
D) just four

Question 33

Researchers may (have)used twins to create a matched set of participants based on genetics.

Question 34

In the ______ design, each subject serves as their own comparison.

A) independent
B) dependent
C) between-subject
D) within-subject

Question 35

To simplify the counterbalancing, a partial counterbalancing technique, called a ______ square, can be used.

A) Spanish
B) Latin
C) English
D) Canadian

Question 36

The primary concern with ______ variables is the order in which the participants receive the different levels of the independent variable.

A) independent design
B) dependent design
C) between-subject design
D) within-subject design

Question 37

A participant's gender, personality, and smoking status ______ be independent variables.

A) can sometimes
B) can never
C) can occasionally
D) can always

Question 38

Counterbalancing is ______ when there are only two conditions that participants experience in an experiment.

A) difficult
B) easy
C) impossible
D) pointless

Question 39

To attempt to equate the groups, participants are assigned to the different experimental treatment groups, they aren't allowed to choose the group they prefer. This is an example of ______ to control confounds.

A) randomizing
B) counterbalancing
C) squaring
D) matching

Question 40

A(n) ______ variable is manipulated such that participants are randomly assigned to levels.

A) independent
B) dependent
C) causal
D) matched

Question 41

Random assignment means that subjects are assigned to groups according to chance, not according to any characteristic they possess or any choice made by the researcher.

Question 42

The primary concern of between-subjects variables is the order in which the participants receive the different levels of the independent variable.

Question 43

Random assignment is useful because it removes all possibilities that groups will be biased.

Question 44

The manipulation of an independent variable in an experiment allows the researcher to learn about the causal relationship between the independent and dependent variables.

Question 45

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of a within-subjects experiment.

Question 46

Provide an example of a confounding variable.

Question 47

Latin Squares can be useful for within-subjects designs where independent variables have the same number of levels.

Question 48

Describe the advantages and disadvantages of a between-subjects experiment.

Question 49

All experiments contain at least one independent variable.

Question 50

In a research design where participants are randomly assigned to either an all-male confederate group, or a mixed gender confederate group, the study is experimental.

Question 51

The presence of individual differences across groups is the greatest concern for within-subjects experiments.

Question 52

What aspects of an experiment allow tests of causal relationships?

Question 53

Counterbalancing is relatively easy when there are only two conditions that participants will experience in an experiment.

Question 54

Experiments are the best research design for answering causal research questions.

Question 55

Give an example of a matched design experiment participants grouping.

Question 56

Between-subjects designs require more participants than within-subjects designs.

Question 57

In experiments where individual differences are likely to be present and a small sample size is used, random assignment may not be sufficient to control for these differences.

Question 58

Random assignment of participants to levels allows random distribution of participant differences across the levels.

Question 59

An advantage of within-subjects manipulations is that each participant serves as his or her own comparison.

Question 60

Provide an example of a research study with a small-n design.