Deck 8: DNA Structure and Function

Question 1

A human karyotype showing 22 pairs of autosomes plus two X chromosomes indicates a(n) ____.

A)normal male
B)normal female
C)abnormal male
D)abnormal female
E)human whose sex cannot be determined

Answer 1

B

Question 2

As an embryo develops, cells become specialized and form different types of tissues and organs by expressing different subsets of their DNA. This process is called ____.

A)growth
B)cell division
C)differentiation
D)maturation
E)cloning

Answer 2

C

Question 3

Mutations ____.​

A)​are always dangerous
B)​can only occur in sperm or egg cells
C)​can only occur in somatic cells
D)​produce clones
E)​can alter any part of the cell's DNA

Answer 3

E

Question 4

A ​DNA molecule has a ____ backbone held together by ____ bonds.

A)​sugar-phosphate; hydrogen
B)​nitrogenous base; covalent
C)​sugar-phosphate; covalent
D)​nitrogenous base; hydrogen
E)​phosphorous base; covalent

Question 5

Nucleic acids contain ____.

A)sulfur
B)nitrogen
C)potassium
D)iron
E)manganese

Question 6

Which statement correctly describes mutations and their repairs?​

A)​DNA polymerase makes very few mistakes during DNA replication.
B)​DNA polymerase can correct mistakes made during DNA replication.
C)​Mutations only occur during DNA replication.
D)​DNA polymerase can easily copy damaged DNA.
E)​Repair enzymes can fix a mutation after the altered DNA strand has been replicated.

Question 7

A mutation that occurs in ____ cell may be passed on to offspring.

A)a cancerous
B)a dividing
C)a somatic
D)an egg or sperm
E)any

Question 8

When DNA replication begins, ____.

A)the two DNA strands unwind from each other
B)the two DNA strands condense
C)two DNA molecules bond
D)old DNA strands move to pair with new strands
E)the sugar-phosphate backbone is degraded

Question 9

​During DNA replication, DNA polymerase catalyzes the formation of a bond between the ____ group on the 3′ carbon at the end of a DNA strand and the ____ group on a nucleotide's 5′ carbon.

A)​phosphate; hydroxyl
B)​hydroxyl; phosphate
C)​phosphate; sulfur
D)​hydroxyl; sulfur
E)​sulfur; phosphate

Question 10

Because the sex of sea turtles is determined by the ____, climate change will skew the gender ratio of hatchlings.​

A)​sex chromosomes
B)environmental ​concentration of CO₂
C)​age of the parents
D)​temperature of the sand in which the eggs are buried
E)​salt concentration of the water in which the eggs are laid

Question 11

The Hershey-Chase experiments, in which ³²P and ³⁵S were used to label biological molecules, demonstrated ____.

A)the semiconservative nature of DNA replication
B)that harmless bacterial cells can be permanently and heritably transformed into lethal bacterial cells
C)that pure DNA extracted from disease-causing bacteria transformed harmless strains into killer strains
D)that bacteriophages transfer their DNA, but not their protein coats, to their host bacteria
E)that DNA content of a cell does not vary over time

Question 12

​Which bases are pyrimidines?

A)​cytosine and thymine
B)​guanine and thymine
C)​guanine and cytosine
D)​adenine and guanine
E)​adenine and thymine

Question 13

Which building block is least related to the other four?

A)amino acids
B)nucleotides
C)five-carbon sugars
D)phosphate groups
E)nitrogenous bases

Question 14

What are the base-pairing rules for DNA?

A)A-G, T-C
B)A-C, T-G
C)A-U, C-G
D)A-T, G-C
E)A-T, G-U

Question 15

​DNA synthesis on the discontinuous strand produces ____.

A)​dimers
B)​primers
C)​Okazaki fragments
D)​clones
E)​mutations

Question 16

Fred Griffith's experiment with two strains of pneumonia-causing bacteria demonstrated ____.

A)the semiconservative nature of DNA replication
B)that harmless bacterial cells can be permanently and heritably transformed into lethal bacterial cells
C)that each cell of a given species contains the same amount of DNA
D)that radioactively labeled bacteriophages transfer their DNA but not their protein coats to their bacterial host
E)that mice can change the hereditary content of bacteria

Question 17

​DNA replication produces ____.

A)​one DNA molecule of two parental strands and one DNA molecule of two newly synthesized strands
B)​one DNA molecule of two newly synthesized strands
C)​one DNA molecule containing a parental strand and a newly synthesized strand
D)​two DNA molecules each containing a parental strand and a newly synthesized strand
E)​three DNA molecules each containing a parental strand and a newly synthesized strand

Question 18

After chromosomes are duplicated, each new copy is called a ____.

A)centromere
B)sister chromatid
C)replicate
D)clone
E)nucleosome

Question 19

​During DNA replication, ____ serve(s) as a template for the newly synthesized DNA.

A)​primers
B)​one parent strand
C)​both parent strands
D)​DNA polymerase
E)​DNA ligase

Question 20

In DNA molecules, complementary base pairing occurs between ____.

A)cytosine and uracil
B)adenine and guanine
C)adenine and uracil
D)adenine and thymine
E)sugar and phosphate

Question 21

​If a DNA sequence contains 30 percent adenine bases, then it also contains ____.

A)​40 percent guanine
B)​35 percent cytosine
C)​20 percent guanine
D)​35 percent thymine
E)​60 percent guanine plus cytosine

Question 22

​What provides the energy for DNA replication?

A)​the loss of two phosphate groups from the newly added nucleotide
B)​the loss of two phosphate groups from the end of the DNA strand to which a new nucleotide is added
C)​the formation of the bond between complementary bases
D)​the kinetic energy of DNA polymerase
E)​the breaking of hydrogen bonds during the separation of double-stranded DNA

Question 23

UV light can cause the formation of ____.

A)cytosine dimers only
B)thymine dimers only
C)adenine dimers only
D)cytosine or thymine dimers
E)cytosine, thymine, or adenine dimers

Question 24

​A purine base contains ____.

A)​one less phosphate group than a pyrimidine base
B)​two rings
C)​sulfur instead of nitrogen
D)​phosphate instead of nitrogen
E)​one ring

Question 25

The DNA sequences of twins produced by embryo splitting are ____.

A)identical to each another
B)identical to the female parent
C)identical to the same parent
D)identical to the male parent
E)not identical to each other

Question 26

DNA synthesis proceeds from ____.

A)the beginning of the parent strand
B)wherever DNA ligase is first present
C)the 5' to the 3' end of the DNA strand
D)the 3' to the 5' end of the DNA strand
E)both the 5' and 3' ends of the DNA strand

Question 27

Bacteriophages are ____.

A)bacteria
B)DNA-degrading enzymes
C)viruses
D)cellular components
E)chromosomes

Question 28

The building blocks of nucleic acids are ____.

A)amino acids
B)fatty acids
C)monosaccharides
D)nucleotides
E)lipids

Question 29

A karyotype is an image of ____ from a single cell.

A)base sequences
B)chromosomes
C)proteins
D)clones
E)nucleic

Question 30

Which scientist(s) identified the transforming substance involved in changing R bacteria to S bacteria?

A)Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty
B)Griffith
C)Chargaff
D)Hershey and Chase
E)Pauling

Question 31

Chargaff's first rule states that ____.

A)the amounts of adenine and thymine are identical in a DNA molecule
B)the DNA molecule is helical
C)the DNA molecule contains deoxyribose
D)the proportion of adenine and guanine differs between different species
E)DNA exhibits a repeating pattern every 0.34 nm

Question 32

Within chromosomes, DNA is wrapped around proteins called ____.

A)karyotypes
B)chromatids
C)nucleosomes
D)centromeres
E)histones

Question 33

Which example of complementary base pairing is correct?​

A)​G to G
B)​A to C
C)​pyrimidine to pyrimidine
D)​purine to purine
E)​purine to pyrimidine

Question 34

DNA ligase ____.

A)joins DNA fragments together
B)replaces mispaired bases
C)initiates DNA replication
D)forms new DNA polymers
E)breaks hydrogen bonds

Question 35

​During DNA synthesis, how are the strands of the parent molecule separated?

A)​Hydrogen bonds between bases are broken.
B)​Sugar-phosphate linkages are broken.
C)​Polymerases stop functioning.
D)​Bases repel each other.
E)​Water hydrolyzes the bases into their subunits.

Question 36

Proofreading by DNA polymerase must occur before the end of ____ to prevent mistakes from becoming mutations.

A)cell division
B)chromatid duplication
C)transcription
D)translation
E)DNA replication

Question 37

In DNA replication, two copies of a DNA molecule are produced. In each copy, one strand is new, and the other is parental. This result is referred to as ____.

A)semiconservative replication
B)inherited replication
C)conservative replication
D)duplication
E)transcription

Question 38

When Avery and McCarty were attempting to identify the substance involved transferring hereditary material, they tested the ability of a bacterial S cell extract to transform R cells after different components of the extract were degraded by enzymes. Which treatment inhibited the ability of the S cell extract to transform R cells?

A)DNA-degrading enzymes
B)RNA-degrading enzymes
C)protein-degrading enzymes
D)lipid-degrading enzymes
E)amino acid-degrading enzymes

Question 39

Rosalind Franklin's research contribution was essential in ____.

A)discovering the existence of DNA
B)establishing the principles of heredity
C)establishing the structural features of DNA
D)determining the nucleotide sequence of genes
E)determining the tertiary structure of proteins

Question 40

How can only four nucleotides account for the extreme diversity of traits observed in living organisms?

A)The biochemical structure of nucleotides differs between cell types.
B)The nucleotides can base pair with any other nucleotide.
C)Nucleotides are arranged in many different sequences.
D)Different proteins can be encoded from the same DNA sequence.
E)Complex organisms have more than four types of nucleotides.

Question 41

Match the nucleotide to its correct description.
a.guanine
b.cytosine
c.pyrimidine
d.thymine
This nucleotide is a double-ringed molecule.

Question 42

The term "DNA sequence" refers to the ____.

A)order of nucleotides in a strand of DNA
B)number of nucleotides in a strand of DNA
C)number of chromosomes in a nucleus
D)number of hydrogen bonds in a strand of DNA
E)identity of genes in a strand of DNA

Question 43

​The two strands of a DNA molecule are ____ to each other and run in ____.

A)​parallel; opposite directions
B)​parallel; the same direction
C)​perpendicular; opposite directions
D)​perpendicular; the same direction
E)​parallel; either the same or opposite directions

Question 44

Which statement best describes a DNA mutation?

A)DNA polymerase adds an incorrect base during replication.
B)DNA is damaged by UV irradiation.
C)A mistake in the DNA sequence is repaired during replication.
D)A permanent change occurs in the nucleotide sequence of DNA.
E)Proofreading during replication replaces a mismatched nucleotide.

Question 45

​Which bases are purines?

A)​cytosine and thymine
B)​guanine and thymine
C)​guanine and cytosine
D)​adenine and guanine
E)​adenine and thymine

Question 46

Match the nucleotide to its correct description.
a.guanine
b.cytosine
c.pyrimidine
d.thymine
Three hydrogen bonds connect guanine to this in a DNA molecule.

Question 47

Which enzyme assembles new strands of DNA during replication?

A)DNA ligase
B)DNA synthase
C)primers
D)DNA polymerase
E)hybridization

Question 48

Which DNA damaging agent can transfer methyl groups (-CH3) to the nucleotide bases in DNA?

A)UV light
B)chemicals in tobacco smoke
C)ionizing radiation
D)x-rays
E)free radicals

Question 49

DNA replication produces ____.

A)one single-stranded RNA molecule
B)one double-stranded DNA molecule
C)two double-stranded DNA molecules
D)one single-stranded DNA molecule
E)new proteins

Question 50

Match the term with the most appropriate description.
a.nucleosome
b.sister chromatids
c.centromere
d.histone
e.chromosome
a protein that organizes DNA

Question 51

Match the term with the most appropriate description.
a.nucleosome
b.sister chromatids
c.centromere
d.histone
e.chromosome
a length of DNA wound twice around histone proteins

Question 52

An example of a somatic cell is a(n) ____.

A)nucleus
B)kidney cell
C)sperm
D)egg
E)centromere

Question 53

Match the term with the most appropriate description.
a.nucleosome
b.sister chromatids
c.centromere
d.histone
e.chromosome
two identical halves of a duplicated eukaryotic chromosome

Question 54

Match the term with the most appropriate description.
a.nucleosome
b.sister chromatids
c.centromere
d.histone
e.chromosome
a structure that consists of DNA and associated proteins; carries part or all of a cell's genetic information

Question 55

​Complementary base pairs in a DNA molecule are held together by ____ bonds.

A)​nitrogen
B)​hydrogen
C)​covalent
D)​pyrimidine
E)​purine

Question 56

​In a DNA molecule, cytosine binds to ____ by ____ hydrogen bonds.

A)​thymine; two
B)​adenine; two
C)​adenine; three
D)​guanine; two
E)​guanine; three

Question 57

Match the nucleotide to its correct description.
a.guanine
b.cytosine
c.pyrimidine
d.thymine
Early data indicated that within any DNA molecule, the amount of this was always equal to the amount of adenine.

Question 58

Match the term with the most appropriate description.
a.nucleosome
b.sister chromatids
c.centromere
d.histone
e.chromosome
constricted region where duplicated chromosomes are attached to each other

Question 59

Match the nucleotide to its correct description.
a.guanine
b.cytosine
c.pyrimidine
d.thymine
If one strand of a DNA molecule has a purine at a given position, this will be its complement on the other strand.

Question 60

When a cell has two complete sets of chromosomes, it is ____.

A)haploid
B)duplicated
C)diploid
D)triploid
E)complete

Question 61

Match the scientist(s) to their scientific contribution.
a.​first to discover and isolate DNA
b.in 1944, reported that DNA was the hereditary material
c.the first to demonstrate that DNA, not protein, was the substance transmitted through generations of cells
Hershey and Chase

Question 62

Match the scientist(s) to their scientific contribution.
a.​first to discover and isolate DNA
b.in 1944, reported that DNA was the hereditary material
c.the first to demonstrate that DNA, not protein, was the substance transmitted through generations of cells
Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty

Question 63

Match each definition to the correct term.​
a.​composed of nitrogen-containing base, sugar, and phosphate group(s)
b.​a genetic copy
c.​chromosome that does not determine sex
d.​DNA wrapped around histones
e.​fills in gaps between nucleotides; seals breaks in a DNA strand
f.​having two of each type of chromosome
g.​adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand
​autosome

Question 64

Match each definition to the correct term.​
a.​composed of nitrogen-containing base, sugar, and phosphate group(s)
b.​a genetic copy
c.​chromosome that does not determine sex
d.​DNA wrapped around histones
e.​fills in gaps between nucleotides; seals breaks in a DNA strand
f.​having two of each type of chromosome
g.​adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand
​nucleotide

Question 65

Match each definition to the correct term.​
a.​composed of nitrogen-containing base, sugar, and phosphate group(s)
b.​a genetic copy
c.​chromosome that does not determine sex
d.​DNA wrapped around histones
e.​fills in gaps between nucleotides; seals breaks in a DNA strand
f.​having two of each type of chromosome
g.​adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand
clone​

Question 66

Match the scientist(s) to their scientific contribution.
a.​first to discover and isolate DNA
b.in 1944, reported that DNA was the hereditary material
c.the first to demonstrate that DNA, not protein, was the substance transmitted through generations of cells
Johannes Miescher

Question 67

How can a replication error become a permanent mutation?

Question 68

Show the complementary strand of DNA that forms on this template DNA fragment during replication:
​
5' GGTTTCTTCAAGAGA3'

Question 69

Match each definition to the correct term.​
a.​composed of nitrogen-containing base, sugar, and phosphate group(s)
b.​a genetic copy
c.​chromosome that does not determine sex
d.​DNA wrapped around histones
e.​fills in gaps between nucleotides; seals breaks in a DNA strand
f.​having two of each type of chromosome
g.​adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand
​DNA polymerase

Question 70

Match each definition to the correct term.​
a.​composed of nitrogen-containing base, sugar, and phosphate group(s)
b.​a genetic copy
c.​chromosome that does not determine sex
d.​DNA wrapped around histones
e.​fills in gaps between nucleotides; seals breaks in a DNA strand
f.​having two of each type of chromosome
g.​adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand
​diploid

Question 71

Describe the difference between a replication error and a mutation.

Question 72

Match each definition to the correct term.​
a.​composed of nitrogen-containing base, sugar, and phosphate group(s)
b.​a genetic copy
c.​chromosome that does not determine sex
d.​DNA wrapped around histones
e.​fills in gaps between nucleotides; seals breaks in a DNA strand
f.​having two of each type of chromosome
g.​adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand
​DNA ligase

Question 73

Describe Griffith's transformation experiment.

Question 74

Match each definition to the correct term.​
a.​composed of nitrogen-containing base, sugar, and phosphate group(s)
b.​a genetic copy
c.​chromosome that does not determine sex
d.​DNA wrapped around histones
e.​fills in gaps between nucleotides; seals breaks in a DNA strand
f.​having two of each type of chromosome
g.​adds nucleotides to a growing DNA strand
​nucleosome

Question 75

What did Rosalind Franklin contribute to the discovery of the structure of DNA?