Deck 14: An Introduction to Host Defenses and Innate Immunities

Question 1

Hemopoiesis is the

A) loss of blood due to hemorrhaging.
B) production of only red blood cells.
C) production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
D) plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding.
E) migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues.

Answer 1

C

Question 2

Which of the following is an example of GALT?

A) appendix
B) lymph nodes
C) spleen
D) tonsils
E) thymus gland

Answer 2

A

Question 3

The clearance of pus, cellular debris, dead neutrophils, and damaged tissue after inflammation is performed by

A) basophils.
B) eosinophils.
C) neutrophils.
D) macrophages.
E) lymphocytes.

Answer 3

D

Question 4

Pla cells

A) function in cell-mediated immunity.
B) are derived from T-lymphocytes.
C) function in blood clotting.
D) produce and secrete antibodies.
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 5

Components of the first line of defense include all the following, except

A) the tough cell sheet of the upper epidermis of the skin.
B) nasal hairs.
C) flushing action of tears and blinking.
D) flushing action of urine.
E) phagocytic white blood cells.

Question 6

The chemical found in tears and saliva that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan in certain bacterial cell walls is

A) lactic acid.
B) hydrochloric acid.
C) lysozyme.
D) histamine.
E) bile.

Question 7

Which cell type is phagocytic and can migrate out into body tissues to differentiate into macrophages?

A) basophils
B) eosinophils
C) neutrophils
D) monocytes
E) lymphocytes

Question 8

Which is incorrect regarding fever?

A) It is present in all vertebrates.
B) It stimulates the activity of T-cells.
C) It is associated exclusively with bacterial infections.
D) When rising, a person feels cold.
E) It inhibits the multiplication of temperature-sensitive microorganisms.

Question 9

Diapedesis is the

A) loss of blood due to hemorrhaging.
B) production of only red blood cells.
C) production of white blood cells, red blood cells, and platelets.
D) plugging of broken vessels to stop bleeding.
E) migration of white blood cells from the blood out to the tissues.

Question 10

The reticuloendothelial system

A) is a support network of connective tissue fibers.
B) originates in the cellular basal lamina.
C) provides a passageway within and between tissues and organs.
D) is heavily populated with macrophages.
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 11

All of the following pertain to platelets, except

A) they contain hemoglobin to transport oxygen and carbon dioxide.
B) they are also called thrombocytes.
C) they originate from cells called megakaryocytes.
D) they function in blood clotting and inflammation.
E) they are not whole cells but are pieces of cells.

Question 12

Which gland shrinks in size during adulthood, and has hormones that function in maturation of T-lymphocytes?

A) lymph nodes
B) thymus
C) spleen
D) galt
E) tonsils

Question 13

The blood cells that particularly target parasitic worms and fungi are

A) basophils.
B) eosinophils.
C) neutrophils.
D) monocytes.
E) lymphocytes.

Question 14

The most numerous WBCs, that have multilobed nuclei and are very phagocytic are

A) basophils.
B) eosinophils.
C) neutrophils.
D) monocytes.
E) lymphocytes.

Question 15

Pla

A) is the liquid portion of blood in which blood cells are suspended.
B) is mostly water.
C) contains albumin and globulins.
D) contains fibrinogen.
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 16

Which structures are found along lymphatic vessels but are heavily clustered in the armpit, groin, and neck?

A) lymph nodes
B) thymus
C) spleen
D) galt
E) tonsils

Question 17

The body region where a ciliary escalator helps to sweep microbes trapped in mucus away from that body site is the

A) skin.
B) respiratory tract.
C) digestive tract.
D) urinary tract.
E) eyes.

Question 18

Nonspecific chemical defenses include

A) lysozyme.
B) lactic acid and electrolytes of sweat.
C) skin's acidic pH and fatty acids.
D) stomach hydrochloric acid.
E) All of these choices are correct.

Question 19

Which of the following lymphoid organs has the immunological function of filtering pathogens from the blood?

A) lymph nodes
B) thymus
C) spleen
D) galt
E) tonsils

Question 20

Which body region is protected by fatty acids, acidic pH, lactic acid, and a tough cell barrier with its own normal flora?

A) skin
B) respiratory tract
C) digestive tract
D) urinary tract
E) eyes

Question 21

Due to the way the lymph drains from lymph nodes, cell and products of immunity continually

A) enter the cardivascular system.
B) enter the liver.
C) enter the gastrointestinal tract.
D) enter the gallbladder.
E) enter the thymus gland.

Question 22

Which is incorrect about inflammation?

A) It can last hours to years.
B) Pyrogens cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability.
C) Serotonin causes smooth muscle contraction.
D) Fever could be beneficial to inhibiting the pathogen.
E) Basophils and mast cells release histamine.

Question 23

The key phagocytic cells of the body are the

A) neutrophils and macrophages.
B) basophils and neutrophils.
C) eosinophils and macrophages.
D) macrophages and monocytes.
E) natural killer cells.

Question 24

Specificity and memory are associated with which body defense mechanism?

A) Inflammatory response
B) Phagocytosis by macrophages and neutrophils
C) Interferon
D) T-cell and B-cell responses
E) Anatomical barriers in the body

Question 25

Elimination and destruction systems present in the phagolysosome include all the following, except

A) bromine.
B) hydroxyl free radical.
C) nitric oxide.
D) lactic acid.
E) lysozyme.

Question 26

The membrane attack stage of the complement cascade involves

A) initiation of the cascade.
B) production of inflammatory cytokines.
C) the assembly of a ring-shaped protein that forms holes in bacterial cell membranes and virus envelopes.
D) cleaving of C3 to yield C3a and C3b.
E) C1q binds to surface receptors on a membrane.

Question 27

All of the following are types of granulocytes because they have prominent cytoplic granules when stained, except

A) eosinophils.
B) monocytes.
C) neutrophils.
D) basophils.
E) They are all granulocytes.

Question 28

The circulating substances that affect the hypothalamus and initiate fever are

A) complements.
B) interferons.
C) leukotrienes.
D) pyrogens.
E) lysozymes.

Question 29

All of the following are types of agranulocytes because they do not have prominent granules in their cytopl when stained, except

A) T-cells.
B) B-cells.
C) monocytes.
D) lymphocytes.
E) basophils.

Question 30

Which white blood cells are particularly attracted to sites of parasitic infections?

A) monocytes
B) eosinophils
C) basophils
D) neutrophils
E) lymphocytes

Question 31

Juan has influenza and has aches, pains, and a fever. His mother, a physician, tells him to take an antipyretic. What is she telling him to take?

A) an antibiotic, like erythromycin
B) an antiviral drug, like tamiflu
C) an antihistamine
D) acetaminophen, like tylenol
E) herbal tea with honey

Question 32

Joe cut his finger on a sharp twig and now is experiencing dolor. This means

A) redness.
B) pain.
C) loss of function.
D) warmth.
E) swelling.

Question 33

Which is mismatched?

A) interferon alpha and beta - inhibits viral replication
B) interleukin-2 - stimulates T-cell mitosis and B-cell antibody production
C) serotonin - causes smooth muscle contraction
D) prostaglandins - activate eosinophils and B-cells
E) tumor necrosis factor - increases chemotaxis and phagocytosis

Question 34

All of the following can be recognized by toll-like receptors, except

A) single-stranded viral RNA.
B) flagellin.
C) host cell membrane proteins.
D) lipoteichoic acid.
E) lipopolysaccharide.

Question 35

Histamine, serotonin, and bradykinin are all

A) vasoactive mediators.
B) mediators of B-cell activity.
C) mediators of T-cell activity.
D) mediators that increase chemotaxis.
E) fever inducers.

Question 36

Maria was scratched on her arm by her cat and the site is experiencing rubor. This means

A) redness.
B) pain.
C) loss of function.
D) warmth.
E) swelling.

Question 37

Which is incorrect about complement?

A) Complement is composed of at least 26 blood proteins.
B) Complement proteins only appear in the blood during a response to a pathogen.
C) The complement system acts in a cascade reaction.
D) Activation of complement can involve a classical pathway.
E) Activation of complement can involve an alternate pathway.

Question 38

The four classic signs and symptoms of inflammation include all the following, except

A) redness.
B) warmth.
C) swelling.
D) pain.
E) chills.

Question 39

The lymphoid tissues of the intestinal tract are collectively referred to as

A) lymph nodes.
B) thymus.
C) spleen.
D) GALT.
E) tonsils.

Question 40

All the following are events of early inflammation, except

A) macrophages appear first and begin phagocytosis.
B) chemical mediators and cytokines are released.
C) brief vasoconstriction is followed by vasodilation.
D) exudate and pus can accumulate.
E) capillaries become more permeable resulting in edema.

Question 41

Genetic differences among species, and within a species, can convey genetic immunity to certain diseases.

Question 42

Which of the following nonspecific mediators inhibits virus replication and cellular division while increasing some lymphocyte action?

A) TNF
B) IL-1
C) IL-6
D) IFN
E) chemokines

Question 43

The _____ region of a lymph node has germinal centers packed with T and B-lymphocytes.

Question 44

During phagocytosis, intracellular digestion begins as soon as the phagosome is formed.

Question 45

Neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils are called _____ because they have prominent cytoplic granules that, in a stained blood smear, appear with identifying, characteristic colors.

Question 46

B-lymphocytes and T-lymphocytes mature in the thymus gland.

Question 47

Inflammatory responses are orchestrated by the immune system and are part of the body's third line of defense.

Question 48

Complement proteins are produced by the spleen.

Question 49

The contribution of B-cells is mainly in

A) inflammation.
B) humoral immunity.
C) complement activity.
D) cell-mediated immunity.
E) phagocytosis.

Question 50

When macrophages migrate to the skin and remain there, they are called _____ cells.

A) alveolar
B) Langerhans
C) GALT
D) Kupffer
E) dendritic

Question 51

Pla is also called lymph.

Question 52

_____ lymphocytes function in humoral immunity, while _____ lymphocytes function in cell-mediated immunity.

Question 53

When monocytes migrate from the blood out to the tissues, they are transformed by inflammatory mediators to develop into _____.

Question 54

Dermacidin is an antimicrobic peptide secreted by skin cells, which breaks down bacterial membranes and causes them to lyse.

Question 55

Certain complement components stimulate inflammation and phagocytosis.

Question 56

All of the following are correct about lymph, except

A) its composition is similar to pla.
B) it travels in vessels similar to blood vessels.
C) it is made mostly of water.
D) it transports numerous white blood cells.
E) it is transported through the body by the same pump as blood, i.e., the heart.

Question 57

During what process are hypochlorite and hydrogen peroxide produced to destroy bacteria and inhibit viral replication?

A) inflammation
B) phagocytosis
C) interferon production
D) complement production
E) lysozyme production

Question 58

PAMPs are molecules shared by many microorganisms but not present in mammals.

Question 59

Joan's inflamed and painful joints are likely due to which of the following chemicals?

A) gamma interferon
B) interleukin-5
C) prostaglandins
D) histamine
E) platelet-activating factor

Question 60

Endotoxin is an exogenous pyrogen.

Question 61

Describe the cell morphology, colors, and percentage of the total white blood cell count for each type of white blood cell that would be distinguished by a hematologist analyzing a stained blood smear.

Question 62

Children with DiGeorge Syndrome are born without a thymus. Discuss, in detail, the repercussions to body defense mechanisms caused by this disease.

Question 63

A person will typically experience the sensation of _____ when fever is starting to occur in the body.

Question 64

All of the following are the results of complement activation, except

A) opsonization which enhances phagocytosis.
B) enhanced inflammation.
C) lysis of bacterial cells.
D) increased antibody production.

Question 65

Describe the physical or anatomical barriers at the following body sites, and explain how they accomplish body defense: a) eyes, b) skin, c) gastrointestinal tract, d) respiratory tract, and e) urinary tract.

Question 66

The term _____ is given to any foreign substance that stimulates a specific immune system response.

Question 67

If a splinter of wood were to enter the skin and introduce microorganisms to that site, what specific early and late events of inflammation would respond to that newly infected tissue? Describe the sequence of signs and symptoms, vascular and tissue events, and cells and mediators involved.

Question 68

Which of the following would be a likely outcome if an individual had neutrophils that were incapable of diapedesis?

A) inadequate production of antibodies
B) reduced numbers of circulating neutrophils
C) repeated bacterial infections
D) poor blood clotting
E) numerous allergies

Question 69

Each of the following will enhance and promote phagocytosis, except

A) deposition of complement fragments on bacterial cells.
B) interaction of TLRs and PAMPs.
C) tumor necrosis factor TNF) and other cytokines.
D) deposition of interferon on bacterial cells.

Question 70

The _____ system of blood proteins act to lyse foreign cells.

Question 71

An individual has been born with Kartagener's syndrome, a disorder of microtubules that impairs the motion of cilia and flagella. What type of infections would you predict would be most common in this individual?

A) respiratory
B) oral
C) gastric
D) uterine

Question 72

There is an inherited disorder that decreases the ability of neutrophils to produce a respiratory burst. What aspect of phagocytosis will be affected by this defect?

A) attachment
B) chemotaxis
C) destruction of microbes
D) phagolysosome formation
E) ingestion